what exactly is an ethical dilemma ?

Home>Homework Answsers>Nursing homework helpAPA FormatI cant understand what an ethical dilemma is . can you help me?a year ago16.03.202414Report issuefiles (2)Assessment03.docxcf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_3.pdfAssessment03.docxAssessment 03 – Applying Ethical Principles
For this assessment, you will develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional.Case Study: Confidentiality and Mental Health
Dr. Laura Simmons, a licensed clinical psychologist, has been treating Mr. Alex Turner, a 35-year-old software engineer, for symptoms of severe depression and anxiety over the past sixmonths. Their sessions have been characterized by trust and open communication, with Alex often sharing his deepest fears and concerns.
During a particularly intense session, Alex reveals to Dr. Simmons that he has been havingrecurring thoughts of harming a colleague due to a longstanding professional rivalry and recent personal conflicts. He describes detailed plans and expresses a genuine intent to act on these thoughts. Dr. Simmons is immediately faced with an ethical dilemma. She values the principle of confidentiality, which is foundational to the therapeutic relationship. Alex has trusted her with his innermost thoughts, and she knows that breaking this trust could potentially harm their therapeutic alliance. However, she is also bound by the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Beneficence compels her to act in the best interest of her patient and those around
him, while non-maleficence emphasizes the importance of “doing no harm.”1. Summarize the facts in the selected case study and use the three components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze an ethical problem or issue and the factors that contributed to it.· Identify which case study you selected and briefly summarize the facts surrounding it. Identify the problem or issue that presents an ethical dilemma or challenge and describe that dilemma or challenge.· Identify who is involved or affected by the ethical problem or issue.· Access theEthical Decision-Making Model( see below ) media piece and use the three components of the ethical decision-making model (moral awareness, moral judgment, and ethical behavior) to analyze the ethical issues.· Apply the three components outlined in the Ethical Decision-Making Model media.· Analyze the factors that contributed to the ethical problem or issue identified in the case study.· Describe the factors that contributed to the problem or issue and explain how they contributed.Apply academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to an ethical problem or issue as evidence to support an analysis of the case. You will select at least one current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published during the past 3–5 years that relate to your topic.· Cite and apply key principles from the journal article as evidence to support your critical thinking and analysis of the ethical problem or issue.· Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.· Describe how the health care professional in the case study communicated with others.· Assess instances where the professional communicated effectively or ineffectively.· Explain which communication approaches should be used and which ones should be avoided.· Describe the consequences of using effective and non-effective communication approaches.· Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by a professional to deal with problems or issues involving ethical practice in a case study.· Describe the actions taken in response to the ethical dilemma or issue presented in the case study.· Summarize how well the professional managed professional responsibilities and priorities to resolve the problem or issue in the case.· Discuss the key lessons this case provides for health care professionals.· Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to an ethical problem or issue described in a case study.· Describe the proposed solution.· Discuss how the approach makes this professional more effective or less effective in building relationships across disciplines within his or her organization.· Discuss how likely it is the proposed solution will foster professional collaboration.· Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.· Apply the principles of effective composition.· Determine the proper application of the rules of grammar and mechanics.· Write using APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.· Determine the proper application of APA formatting requirements and scholarly writing standards.· Integrate information from outside sources into academic writing by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, following APA style.··Length: 3–5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.·Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.·APA tutorial: Use theAPA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]for guidance.Ethical decision-making at an individual level and one’s ethical behavior can be viewed in three primary steps using an ethical decision-making model.First is one’s moral awareness, recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma. This is the pathway to establishing the need for an ethical decision. This awareness is an individual sensitivity to one’s values and personal morals.Once a personal awareness is evident, we can make a judgment in deciding what is right or wrong. This sounds simple, yet there are a number of variables driving this personal judgment. One variable is the individual differences and cognitive bias we all have based on our personal history and experiences. A second variable is the organization. This variable may be influenced from a group, organizational or cultural perspective. A code of conduct or standards of behavior may also influence our judgment.This model, operating in a dynamic fashion, leads us to our ethical behavior; taking action to do the right thing. Is the right thing the same decision for everyone? Obviously not. We are all influenced my multiple factors in our decision-making.This decision-making model can help us understand the pathway to our ethical decisions.cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_3.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_3.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Assessment03.docxAssessment 03 – Applying Ethical Principles
For this assessment, you will develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional.Case Study: Confidentiality and Mental Health
Dr. Laura Simmons, a licensed clinical psychologist, has been treating Mr. Alex Turner, a 35-year-old software engineer, for symptoms of severe depression and anxiety over the past sixmonths. Their sessions have been characterized by trust and open communication, with Alex often sharing his deepest fears and concerns.
During a particularly intense session, Alex reveals to Dr. Simmons that he has been havingrecurring thoughts of harming a colleague due to a longstanding professional rivalry and recent personal conflicts. He describes detailed plans and expresses a genuine intent to act on these thoughts. Dr. Simmons is immediately faced with an ethical dilemma. She values the principle of confidentiality, which is foundational to the therapeutic relationship. Alex has trusted her with his innermost thoughts, and she knows that breaking this trust could potentially harm their therapeutic alliance. However, she is also bound by the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Beneficence compels her to act in the best interest of her patient and those around
him, while non-maleficence emphasizes the importance of “doing no harm.”1. Summarize the facts in the selected case study and use the three components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze an ethical problem or issue and the factors that contributed to it.· Identify which case study you selected and briefly summarize the facts surrounding it. Identify the problem or issue that presents an ethical dilemma or challenge and describe that dilemma or challenge.· Identify who is involved or affected by the ethical problem or issue.· Access theEthical Decision-Making Model( see below ) media piece and use the three components of the ethical decision-making model (moral awareness, moral judgment, and ethical behavior) to analyze the ethical issues.· Apply the three components outlined in the Ethical Decision-Making Model media.· Analyze the factors that contributed to the ethical problem or issue identified in the case study.· Describe the factors that contributed to the problem or issue and explain how they contributed.Apply academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to an ethical problem or issue as evidence to support an analysis of the case. You will select at least one current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published during the past 3–5 years that relate to your topic.· Cite and apply key principles from the journal article as evidence to support your critical thinking and analysis of the ethical problem or issue.· Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.· Describe how the health care professional in the case study communicated with others.· Assess instances where the professional communicated effectively or ineffectively.· Explain which communication approaches should be used and which ones should be avoided.· Describe the consequences of using effective and non-effective communication approaches.· Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by a professional to deal with problems or issues involving ethical practice in a case study.· Describe the actions taken in response to the ethical dilemma or issue presented in the case study.· Summarize how well the professional managed professional responsibilities and priorities to resolve the problem or issue in the case.· Discuss the key lessons this case provides for health care professionals.· Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to an ethical problem or issue described in a case study.· Describe the proposed solution.· Discuss how the approach makes this professional more effective or less effective in building relationships across disciplines within his or her organization.· Discuss how likely it is the proposed solution will foster professional collaboration.· Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.· Apply the principles of effective composition.· Determine the proper application of the rules of grammar and mechanics.· Write using APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.· Determine the proper application of APA formatting requirements and scholarly writing standards.· Integrate information from outside sources into academic writing by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, following APA style.··Length: 3–5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.·Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.·APA tutorial: Use theAPA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]for guidance.Ethical decision-making at an individual level and one’s ethical behavior can be viewed in three primary steps using an ethical decision-making model.First is one’s moral awareness, recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma. This is the pathway to establishing the need for an ethical decision. This awareness is an individual sensitivity to one’s values and personal morals.Once a personal awareness is evident, we can make a judgment in deciding what is right or wrong. This sounds simple, yet there are a number of variables driving this personal judgment. One variable is the individual differences and cognitive bias we all have based on our personal history and experiences. A second variable is the organization. This variable may be influenced from a group, organizational or cultural perspective. A code of conduct or standards of behavior may also influence our judgment.This model, operating in a dynamic fashion, leads us to our ethical behavior; taking action to do the right thing. Is the right thing the same decision for everyone? Obviously not. We are all influenced my multiple factors in our decision-making.This decision-making model can help us understand the pathway to our ethical decisions.cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_3.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Assessment03.docxAssessment 03 – Applying Ethical Principles
For this assessment, you will develop a solution to a specific ethical dilemma faced by a health care professional.Case Study: Confidentiality and Mental Health
Dr. Laura Simmons, a licensed clinical psychologist, has been treating Mr. Alex Turner, a 35-year-old software engineer, for symptoms of severe depression and anxiety over the past sixmonths. Their sessions have been characterized by trust and open communication, with Alex often sharing his deepest fears and concerns.
During a particularly intense session, Alex reveals to Dr. Simmons that he has been havingrecurring thoughts of harming a colleague due to a longstanding professional rivalry and recent personal conflicts. He describes detailed plans and expresses a genuine intent to act on these thoughts. Dr. Simmons is immediately faced with an ethical dilemma. She values the principle of confidentiality, which is foundational to the therapeutic relationship. Alex has trusted her with his innermost thoughts, and she knows that breaking this trust could potentially harm their therapeutic alliance. However, she is also bound by the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. Beneficence compels her to act in the best interest of her patient and those around
him, while non-maleficence emphasizes the importance of “doing no harm.”1. Summarize the facts in the selected case study and use the three components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze an ethical problem or issue and the factors that contributed to it.· Identify which case study you selected and briefly summarize the facts surrounding it. Identify the problem or issue that presents an ethical dilemma or challenge and describe that dilemma or challenge.· Identify who is involved or affected by the ethical problem or issue.· Access theEthical Decision-Making Model( see below ) media piece and use the three components of the ethical decision-making model (moral awareness, moral judgment, and ethical behavior) to analyze the ethical issues.· Apply the three components outlined in the Ethical Decision-Making Model media.· Analyze the factors that contributed to the ethical problem or issue identified in the case study.· Describe the factors that contributed to the problem or issue and explain how they contributed.Apply academic peer-reviewed journal articles relevant to an ethical problem or issue as evidence to support an analysis of the case. You will select at least one current scholarly or academic peer-reviewed journal articles published during the past 3–5 years that relate to your topic.· Cite and apply key principles from the journal article as evidence to support your critical thinking and analysis of the ethical problem or issue.· Discuss the effectiveness of the communication approaches present in a case study.· Describe how the health care professional in the case study communicated with others.· Assess instances where the professional communicated effectively or ineffectively.· Explain which communication approaches should be used and which ones should be avoided.· Describe the consequences of using effective and non-effective communication approaches.· Discuss the effectiveness of the approach used by a professional to deal with problems or issues involving ethical practice in a case study.· Describe the actions taken in response to the ethical dilemma or issue presented in the case study.· Summarize how well the professional managed professional responsibilities and priorities to resolve the problem or issue in the case.· Discuss the key lessons this case provides for health care professionals.· Apply ethical principles to a possible solution to an ethical problem or issue described in a case study.· Describe the proposed solution.· Discuss how the approach makes this professional more effective or less effective in building relationships across disciplines within his or her organization.· Discuss how likely it is the proposed solution will foster professional collaboration.· Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.· Apply the principles of effective composition.· Determine the proper application of the rules of grammar and mechanics.· Write using APA style for in-text citations, quotes, and references.· Determine the proper application of APA formatting requirements and scholarly writing standards.· Integrate information from outside sources into academic writing by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, following APA style.··Length: 3–5 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the title page and reference page.·Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point.·APA tutorial: Use theAPA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]for guidance.Ethical decision-making at an individual level and one’s ethical behavior can be viewed in three primary steps using an ethical decision-making model.First is one’s moral awareness, recognizing the existence of an ethical dilemma. This is the pathway to establishing the need for an ethical decision. This awareness is an individual sensitivity to one’s values and personal morals.Once a personal awareness is evident, we can make a judgment in deciding what is right or wrong. This sounds simple, yet there are a number of variables driving this personal judgment. One variable is the individual differences and cognitive bias we all have based on our personal history and experiences. A second variable is the organization. This variable may be influenced from a group, organizational or cultural perspective. A code of conduct or standards of behavior may also influence our judgment.This model, operating in a dynamic fashion, leads us to our ethical behavior; taking action to do the right thing. Is the right thing the same decision for everyone? Obviously not. We are all influenced my multiple factors in our decision-making.This decision-making model can help us understand the pathway to our ethical decisions.cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_3.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/104990911560881212Bids(64)Dr. Ellen RMPROF_ALISTERSheryl HoganProf Double RDr. Sarah BlakeEmily Clarefirstclass tutorDemi_RoseFiona DavaMUSYOKIONES A+Dr CloverJudithTutorMISS HILLARY A+Discount AssigngrA+de plusJahky BProWritingGuruTop MalaikaColeen AndersonIsabella HarvardShow All Bidsother Questions(10)Please Do Not Accept if You don’t Know how to Do….TEACHING CLASSES SPE358 PERM. TUTOR INQUIRYaccounting information systems4Management Challenges in a Global MarketPolitical Science DB 3kim woodsA+ WorkDQ WK 8helpReserved for madam-professorFor Eng.Kelvin

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