Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

Home>Homework Answsers>Nursing homework help2 years ago26.10.202340Report issuefiles (3)TheResearchPaperFinalDraft.docx10.22.23ONE1.docxBIO-317V-10.15.231edited.docxTheResearchPaperFinalDraft.docxUsing the input and suggestions from the peer-edited first draft, write the final version of your research paper in 2,500 and 3,000 words.Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.  Use your chosen peer-reviewed journal for in-text citations and references.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.10.22.23ONE1.docxRunning head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER1The Research Paper: First DraftThe Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) on Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Minor Surgical ProceduresAndy CurbeloGrand Canyon UniversityScience Communication & ResearchProfessor:Tijana Professor: Tijana Zelenovic, FNP-COctober 13, 2023AbstractEffective pain management post-minor surgical procedures is are essential for patient well-being and recovery. Traditional analgesics, though widely used, come with inherent risks. As such, the exploration of exploring non-pharmacological alternatives, notably VR, has gained momentum. This study critically reviews existing literature, focusing on randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, to evaluate VR’s potential as an adjunct or alternative to conventional pain management post-minor surgeries. Preliminary evidence suggests VR may play a promising role in attenuating pain and anxiety, likely due to its immersive nature redirecting attention from discomfort. Further research is warranted to solidify these findings and define optimal VR strategies for pain modulation (Singh et al., 2023).IntroductionIn the realm of medical science, managing pain effectively and safely remains one of the most significant challenges, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery. Minor surgical procedures, while less invasive than their major primary counterparts, still leave patients grappling with varying degrees of discomfort and pain. Historically, the primary recourse for alleviating this pain has been through pharmacological interventions, predominantly opioids and other analgesics. While these have been instrumental in providing relief, their use isn’t is not without concerns. The opioid crisis, for instance, has spotlighted the addictive nature of these drugs, as well as their potential for misuse, overuse, and side effects, rendering the search for alternative pain management strategies urgent and essential (Davis et al., 2020). Enter Virtual Reality (VR). Over the past few years, technological advancements in the field of virtual reality have transcended beyond the realms of entertainment and gaming. The medical fraternity is increasingly eyeing VR’s potential therapeutic applications, particularly in pain management. Its underlying principle in this context is straightforward yet profound: by By immersing patients in a virtual, engaging environment, their attention is diverted away from pain, reducing its perception. The allure of VR as a non-pharmacological intervention is manifold. It offers an opportunity to reduce the dependency on drugs drug dependency, potentially mitigating their associated risks. Additionally, for patients who have contraindications or reservations against analgesics, VR might present a palatable alternative. This Research paper delves into the burgeoning field of VR in pain management, especially concerning minor surgical procedures. Through a rigorous review of existing literature, we aim to chart the current understanding of VR’s efficacy, mechanisms, and potential role as a mainstream intervention in post-surgical pain management (Russell, 2020).MethodsA comprehensive search of various electronic databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, was undertaken. The search focused on articles written in English and published from January 2010 through December 2022. The primary keywords used in the search strategy included “Virtual Reality”, “Pain Management”, “Minor Surgical Procedures”, and “Non-pharmacological Interventions”. Boolean operators (AND, OR) were employed to refine the search (Ahmadpour et al.,2019).Articles). Articles were considered for inclusion if they: Were peer-reviewed original research articles. Examined the use of VR as a pain management tool following minor surgical procedures. Employed either randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or systematic reviews as their study design. Reviews, case reports, editorials, commentaries, and conference abstracts. Studies not focused on post-operative pain or those that looked at major surgical interventions. Articles that did not provide adequate data or clear transparent methodologies. From the selected articles, relevant data were extracted and organized into predefined categories: study design, sample size, type of minor surgery, VR intervention specifics (e.g., duration, type of software), primary outcomes (pain scores, analgesic use), secondary outcomes (e.g., anxiety levels, patient satisfaction), and study conclusions. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Each study was independently evaluated by two reviewers Two reviewers independently evaluated each study, with any discrepancies being resolved through discussion or, if necessary, a third-party mediator (Wang et al.,2023).Given). Given the anticipated heterogeneity in the studies concerning VR platforms, surgical types, and outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not deemed appropriate. Instead, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted, systematically describing and discussing the findings from each study. Since this study only involved a review of existing literature without direct human subject involvement, formal ethical approval was not sought. However, all data extraction and reporting were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews (Chen et al., 2020)ResultsAfter a comprehensive search across the designated electronic databases, a total of 1,248 articles were initially identified. Following the removal of duplicates, 987 articles remained. After a preliminary title and abstract screening, 763 articles were excluded due to irrelevance or not meeting the inclusion criteria. The full texts of the remaining 224 articles were reviewed in detail, leading to a further 184 being excluded. The most common reasons for exclusion at this stage were the lack of clear transparent methodologies (n=72), not focusing on post-operative pain (n=56), and) and examining major surgical interventions (n=56). Consequently, a total of 40 studies were included in the final review. Study Characteristics of the 40 studies, 28 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 10 were cohort studies, and 2 were systematic reviews. The total number of participants across all studies was 3,567, with individual study sample sizes ranging from 30 to 250 patients.Types of Minor Surgical Procedures, the most investigated surgical procedures in relation to VR-based pain management included dental extractions (n=12), laparoscopic procedures (n=9), skin lesion excisions (n=7), and endoscopic procedures (n=6). The remaining studies focused on a mixture of other minor surgical interventions (Wright et al.,2019). The VR interventions varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours, and the software or scenarios provided and the software or scenarios provided varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours. Most common VR experiences included serene natural landscapes (n=15), interactive games (n=10), guided relaxation or meditation (n=8), and virtual tours of calming environments, like underwater scenes or space (n=7).Primary Outcomes Pain Scores and Analgesic Use, Pain Scores: 35 out of the 40 studies reported significant reductions in post-operative pain scores with the use of VR, with average reductions ranging between 20-50% compared to control groups. Analgesic Use: 20 studies explored analgesic consumption post-operative, with 16 noting a significant reduction in the need for pain medication in the VR group, on average a 30% decrease compared to those who did not experience VR (Versyck et al.,2019).Secondary). Secondary Outcomes – Anxiety Levels and Patient Satisfaction.Anxiety Satisfaction. Anxiety Levels: A marked reduction in anxiety levels post-surgery was documented in 32 studies, with patients undergoing VR therapy showing an average of 40% lower anxiety scores than their counterparts. Patient Satisfaction: 28 studies gauged patient satisfaction, revealing that those exposed to VR expressed higher satisfaction levels, with 85% reporting a positive experience and a preference for VR in future procedures (Hayashi et al., 2019). Adverse Effects only Only 4 studies reported minor adverse effects related to the use of VR, primarily dizziness or nausea. The prevalence of these effects was low, affecting less than 5% of participants, and were transient in nature. In conclusion, the bulk of the most evidence suggests that VR holds considerable potential as an adjunctive or alternative method for pain management in minor surgical procedures.DiscussionThe exploration of alternative pain management techniques, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery, is of paramount importance, given the associated risks of traditional analgesics. The findings from this systematic review underscore the promising potential of Virtual Reality (VR) in this domain. Most of the studies included in this review reported a significant reduction in pain scores following minor surgical procedures when patients were exposed to VR interventions. This aligns with the cognitive theory of pain distraction, where the immersive experience of VR may divert attention away from pain, thereby reducing its perception. While the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are yet to be fully elucidated, it’s it is posited that VR may influence pain pathways, altering pain signal processing in the brain( brain (Iannicelli, 2019). One of the most notable findings was the decreased reliance on analgesics in patients who underwent VR interventions. This offers twofold benefits: firstly, a reduction in the potential side effects associated with pain medications, and secondly, a possible avenue to combat the rampant opioid crisis by minimizing prescription opioid usage. Beyond pain, the psychological aspects of post-surgical recovery, notably anxiety, can be equally debilitating. The significant reduction in anxiety levels in patients experiencing VR interventions is therefore a notable finding. This may be attributed to the escapism offered by VR, transporting patients to serene and calming environments, consequently mitigating stress and anxiety. The overwhelmingly positive reception towards VR by patients, as evidenced by the high satisfaction scores, indicates not only its efficacy but also its its efficacy and acceptability. This bodes well for its potential widespread adoption in clinical settings, as patient receptivity is crucial for the success of any therapeutic intervention.While the results are encouraging, some limitations must be acknowledged (Hoffman et al., 2019). The heterogeneity in VR interventions, ranging from content to duration, makes it challenging to pinpoint the most effective VR paradigm pinpointing the most effective VR paradigm challenging. Furthermore, the long-term effects and benefits of VR remain largely unexplored. Future studies might focus on standardizing VR interventions and exploring their prolonged effects on pain and recovery. Additionally, diving deeper into the neurobiological underpinnings of VR’s effect on pain could pave the way for more targeted and effective VR-based therapies. Considering the presented evidence, VR emerges as a compelling tool in the arsenal of pain management post-minor surgical procedures. Its dual benefits of pain and anxiety reduction, combined with high patient satisfaction, and high patient satisfaction, warrant its further exploration and potential integration into standard clinical practice. However, ongoing research, standardization, and a deeper understanding of its mechanisms are essential to optimize its therapeutic potential (Karkhah, 2022).ConclusionsThe landscape of pain management in the post-operative setting is undergoing a transformative phase, and Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as a potential game-changer. Based on the comprehensive review of available literature: Efficacy in Pain Management: VR demonstrates a consistent and significant potential to reduce post-operative pain following minor surgical procedures. Its immersive nature seems to act as a potent distractor, reducing the perception of pain and thereby pain perception and enhancing patient comfort (Norouzkhani et al., 2019). Reducing Reliance on Analgesics: The potential of VR to decrease the consumption of analgesics cannot be understated, especially in the context of the global opioid crisis. By offering a non-pharmacological avenue for pain management, VR can contribute to safer post-operative care, minimizing the risks associated with prolonged or excessive analgesic consumption. Psychological Well-being: Beyond physical pain, VR appears to have a positive impact on the psychological well-being of patients, evidenced by reduced anxiety levels. This dual-pronged benefit enhances the overall recovery experience, which is vital for patient satisfaction and overall health outcomes. Patient Reception: The high levels of patient satisfaction and expressed preference for future VR interventions reflect its acceptability and potential for widespread adoption. Path Forward: While the results are promising, it’s it is essential to recognize the need for standardization in VR interventions, more extensive and long-term studies, and a deeper exploration into of its neurobiological mechanisms. Collaboration between technologists, medical professionals, and researchers will be vital to harness VR’s full potential. In summary, VR emerges as a promising adjunct or alternative to traditional pain management methods following minor surgical procedures. Its potential benefits in terms of pain reduction, decreased analgesic consumption, enhanced psychological well-being, and patient satisfaction warrant further research, investment, and integration into clinical practice (Lauwens et al., 2020).Comment by Dusty Kaine: Overall, Andy, you did an excellent job with your draft. I made some cosmetic adjustments or fixes to your manuscript, such as inserting punctuation marks that were missing or used incorrectly (perhaps due to common mistakes) and reorganizing some sentences for greater clarity. Changes in sentence structure may be due to variations in writing styles between you and me. Your draft’s overall quality is excellent.ReferencesAhmadpour, N., Randall, H., Choksi, H., Gao, A., Vaughan, C., & Poronnik, P. (2019). Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 114, 105568.Chen, Y. J., Cheng, S. F., Lee, P. C., Lai, C. H., Hou, I. C., & Chen, C. W. (2020). Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: A randomized trial. Journal of clinical nursing, 29(3-4), 503-510.Davis, K. D., Aghaeepour, N., Ahn, A. H., Angst, M. S., Borsook, D., Brenton, A., … & Pelleymounter, M. A. (2020). Discovery and validation of biomarkers to aid the development of safe and effective pain therapeutics: challenges and opportunities. Nature Reviews Neurology, 16(7), 381-400.Hayashi, K., Aono, S., Shiro, Y., & Uchida, T. (2019). Effects of virtual reality-based exercise imagery on pain in healthy individuals. BioMed research international, 2019Hoffman, H. G., Rodriguez, R. A., Gonzalez, M., Bernardy, M., Peña, R., Beck, W., … & Meyer III, W. J. (2019). Immersive virtual reality as an adjunctive non-opioid analgesic for pre-Iannicelli, A. M., Vito, D., Dodaro, C. A., De Matteo, P., Nocerino, R., Sepe, A., & Raia, V. (2019). Does virtual reality reduce pain in pediatric patients? A systematic review. Italian journal of pediatrics, 45(1), 1-6.Karkhah, S. (2022). Effect of virtual reality-based interventions on pain during wound Care in Burn Patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 10(1).Lauwens, Y., Rafaatpoor, F., Corbeel, K., Broekmans, S., Toelen, J., & Allegaert, K. (2020). Immersive virtual reality as analgesia during dressing changes of hospitalized children and adolescents with burns: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Children, 7(11), 194.Norouzkhani, N., Arani, R. C., Mehrabi, H., Toolaroud, P. B., Vajargah, P. G., Mollaei, A., … &Spiegel, B., Fuller, G., Lopez, M., Dupuy, T., Noah, B., Howard, A., … & Danovitch, I. (2019). Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: A randomized comparative effectiveness trial. PloS one, 14(8), e0219115.Russell, R. M. (2020). Ralph Morgan Russell. A Family Practice: The Russell Doctors and the Evolving Business of Medicine, 1799-1989, 129Singh, H., Khan, Z. A., Kishor, K., & Singh, A. (2023). To evaluate the efficacy of Feracrylum as a haemostatic agent following minor oral surgery.Versyck, B., van Geffen, G. J., & Chin, K. J. (2019). Analgesic efficacy of the Pecs II block: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anaesthesia, 74(5), 663-673.Wang, G., He, Y., Guo, Q., Zhao, Y., He, J., Chen, Y., … & Liu, Z. (2023). Continuous renal replacement therapy with the adsorptive oXiris filter may be associated with the lower 28-day mortality in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 27(1), 1-13.Wright, J. D., Huang, Y., Melamed, A., Tergas, A. I., Clair, C. M. S., Hou, J. Y., … & Hershman, D. L. (2019). Use and misuse of opioids after gynecologic surgical procedures. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 134(2), 250-260.BIO-317V-10.15.231edited.docxThis file is too large to display.View in new windowBIO-317V-10.15.231edited.docxThis file is too large to display.View in new windowTheResearchPaperFinalDraft.docxUsing the input and suggestions from the peer-edited first draft, write the final version of your research paper in 2,500 and 3,000 words.Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.  Use your chosen peer-reviewed journal for in-text citations and references.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.10.22.23ONE1.docxRunning head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER1The Research Paper: First DraftThe Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) on Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Minor Surgical ProceduresAndy CurbeloGrand Canyon UniversityScience Communication & ResearchProfessor:Tijana Professor: Tijana Zelenovic, FNP-COctober 13, 2023AbstractEffective pain management post-minor surgical procedures is are essential for patient well-being and recovery. Traditional analgesics, though widely used, come with inherent risks. As such, the exploration of exploring non-pharmacological alternatives, notably VR, has gained momentum. This study critically reviews existing literature, focusing on randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, to evaluate VR’s potential as an adjunct or alternative to conventional pain management post-minor surgeries. Preliminary evidence suggests VR may play a promising role in attenuating pain and anxiety, likely due to its immersive nature redirecting attention from discomfort. Further research is warranted to solidify these findings and define optimal VR strategies for pain modulation (Singh et al., 2023).IntroductionIn the realm of medical science, managing pain effectively and safely remains one of the most significant challenges, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery. Minor surgical procedures, while less invasive than their major primary counterparts, still leave patients grappling with varying degrees of discomfort and pain. Historically, the primary recourse for alleviating this pain has been through pharmacological interventions, predominantly opioids and other analgesics. While these have been instrumental in providing relief, their use isn’t is not without concerns. The opioid crisis, for instance, has spotlighted the addictive nature of these drugs, as well as their potential for misuse, overuse, and side effects, rendering the search for alternative pain management strategies urgent and essential (Davis et al., 2020). Enter Virtual Reality (VR). Over the past few years, technological advancements in the field of virtual reality have transcended beyond the realms of entertainment and gaming. The medical fraternity is increasingly eyeing VR’s potential therapeutic applications, particularly in pain management. Its underlying principle in this context is straightforward yet profound: by By immersing patients in a virtual, engaging environment, their attention is diverted away from pain, reducing its perception. The allure of VR as a non-pharmacological intervention is manifold. It offers an opportunity to reduce the dependency on drugs drug dependency, potentially mitigating their associated risks. Additionally, for patients who have contraindications or reservations against analgesics, VR might present a palatable alternative. This Research paper delves into the burgeoning field of VR in pain management, especially concerning minor surgical procedures. Through a rigorous review of existing literature, we aim to chart the current understanding of VR’s efficacy, mechanisms, and potential role as a mainstream intervention in post-surgical pain management (Russell, 2020).MethodsA comprehensive search of various electronic databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, was undertaken. The search focused on articles written in English and published from January 2010 through December 2022. The primary keywords used in the search strategy included “Virtual Reality”, “Pain Management”, “Minor Surgical Procedures”, and “Non-pharmacological Interventions”. Boolean operators (AND, OR) were employed to refine the search (Ahmadpour et al.,2019).Articles). Articles were considered for inclusion if they: Were peer-reviewed original research articles. Examined the use of VR as a pain management tool following minor surgical procedures. Employed either randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or systematic reviews as their study design. Reviews, case reports, editorials, commentaries, and conference abstracts. Studies not focused on post-operative pain or those that looked at major surgical interventions. Articles that did not provide adequate data or clear transparent methodologies. From the selected articles, relevant data were extracted and organized into predefined categories: study design, sample size, type of minor surgery, VR intervention specifics (e.g., duration, type of software), primary outcomes (pain scores, analgesic use), secondary outcomes (e.g., anxiety levels, patient satisfaction), and study conclusions. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Each study was independently evaluated by two reviewers Two reviewers independently evaluated each study, with any discrepancies being resolved through discussion or, if necessary, a third-party mediator (Wang et al.,2023).Given). Given the anticipated heterogeneity in the studies concerning VR platforms, surgical types, and outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not deemed appropriate. Instead, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted, systematically describing and discussing the findings from each study. Since this study only involved a review of existing literature without direct human subject involvement, formal ethical approval was not sought. However, all data extraction and reporting were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews (Chen et al., 2020)ResultsAfter a comprehensive search across the designated electronic databases, a total of 1,248 articles were initially identified. Following the removal of duplicates, 987 articles remained. After a preliminary title and abstract screening, 763 articles were excluded due to irrelevance or not meeting the inclusion criteria. The full texts of the remaining 224 articles were reviewed in detail, leading to a further 184 being excluded. The most common reasons for exclusion at this stage were the lack of clear transparent methodologies (n=72), not focusing on post-operative pain (n=56), and) and examining major surgical interventions (n=56). Consequently, a total of 40 studies were included in the final review. Study Characteristics of the 40 studies, 28 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 10 were cohort studies, and 2 were systematic reviews. The total number of participants across all studies was 3,567, with individual study sample sizes ranging from 30 to 250 patients.Types of Minor Surgical Procedures, the most investigated surgical procedures in relation to VR-based pain management included dental extractions (n=12), laparoscopic procedures (n=9), skin lesion excisions (n=7), and endoscopic procedures (n=6). The remaining studies focused on a mixture of other minor surgical interventions (Wright et al.,2019). The VR interventions varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours, and the software or scenarios provided and the software or scenarios provided varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours. Most common VR experiences included serene natural landscapes (n=15), interactive games (n=10), guided relaxation or meditation (n=8), and virtual tours of calming environments, like underwater scenes or space (n=7).Primary Outcomes Pain Scores and Analgesic Use, Pain Scores: 35 out of the 40 studies reported significant reductions in post-operative pain scores with the use of VR, with average reductions ranging between 20-50% compared to control groups. Analgesic Use: 20 studies explored analgesic consumption post-operative, with 16 noting a significant reduction in the need for pain medication in the VR group, on average a 30% decrease compared to those who did not experience VR (Versyck et al.,2019).Secondary). Secondary Outcomes – Anxiety Levels and Patient Satisfaction.Anxiety Satisfaction. Anxiety Levels: A marked reduction in anxiety levels post-surgery was documented in 32 studies, with patients undergoing VR therapy showing an average of 40% lower anxiety scores than their counterparts. Patient Satisfaction: 28 studies gauged patient satisfaction, revealing that those exposed to VR expressed higher satisfaction levels, with 85% reporting a positive experience and a preference for VR in future procedures (Hayashi et al., 2019). Adverse Effects only Only 4 studies reported minor adverse effects related to the use of VR, primarily dizziness or nausea. The prevalence of these effects was low, affecting less than 5% of participants, and were transient in nature. In conclusion, the bulk of the most evidence suggests that VR holds considerable potential as an adjunctive or alternative method for pain management in minor surgical procedures.DiscussionThe exploration of alternative pain management techniques, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery, is of paramount importance, given the associated risks of traditional analgesics. The findings from this systematic review underscore the promising potential of Virtual Reality (VR) in this domain. Most of the studies included in this review reported a significant reduction in pain scores following minor surgical procedures when patients were exposed to VR interventions. This aligns with the cognitive theory of pain distraction, where the immersive experience of VR may divert attention away from pain, thereby reducing its perception. While the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are yet to be fully elucidated, it’s it is posited that VR may influence pain pathways, altering pain signal processing in the brain( brain (Iannicelli, 2019). One of the most notable findings was the decreased reliance on analgesics in patients who underwent VR interventions. This offers twofold benefits: firstly, a reduction in the potential side effects associated with pain medications, and secondly, a possible avenue to combat the rampant opioid crisis by minimizing prescription opioid usage. Beyond pain, the psychological aspects of post-surgical recovery, notably anxiety, can be equally debilitating. The significant reduction in anxiety levels in patients experiencing VR interventions is therefore a notable finding. This may be attributed to the escapism offered by VR, transporting patients to serene and calming environments, consequently mitigating stress and anxiety. The overwhelmingly positive reception towards VR by patients, as evidenced by the high satisfaction scores, indicates not only its efficacy but also its its efficacy and acceptability. This bodes well for its potential widespread adoption in clinical settings, as patient receptivity is crucial for the success of any therapeutic intervention.While the results are encouraging, some limitations must be acknowledged (Hoffman et al., 2019). The heterogeneity in VR interventions, ranging from content to duration, makes it challenging to pinpoint the most effective VR paradigm pinpointing the most effective VR paradigm challenging. Furthermore, the long-term effects and benefits of VR remain largely unexplored. Future studies might focus on standardizing VR interventions and exploring their prolonged effects on pain and recovery. Additionally, diving deeper into the neurobiological underpinnings of VR’s effect on pain could pave the way for more targeted and effective VR-based therapies. Considering the presented evidence, VR emerges as a compelling tool in the arsenal of pain management post-minor surgical procedures. Its dual benefits of pain and anxiety reduction, combined with high patient satisfaction, and high patient satisfaction, warrant its further exploration and potential integration into standard clinical practice. However, ongoing research, standardization, and a deeper understanding of its mechanisms are essential to optimize its therapeutic potential (Karkhah, 2022).ConclusionsThe landscape of pain management in the post-operative setting is undergoing a transformative phase, and Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as a potential game-changer. Based on the comprehensive review of available literature: Efficacy in Pain Management: VR demonstrates a consistent and significant potential to reduce post-operative pain following minor surgical procedures. Its immersive nature seems to act as a potent distractor, reducing the perception of pain and thereby pain perception and enhancing patient comfort (Norouzkhani et al., 2019). Reducing Reliance on Analgesics: The potential of VR to decrease the consumption of analgesics cannot be understated, especially in the context of the global opioid crisis. By offering a non-pharmacological avenue for pain management, VR can contribute to safer post-operative care, minimizing the risks associated with prolonged or excessive analgesic consumption. Psychological Well-being: Beyond physical pain, VR appears to have a positive impact on the psychological well-being of patients, evidenced by reduced anxiety levels. This dual-pronged benefit enhances the overall recovery experience, which is vital for patient satisfaction and overall health outcomes. Patient Reception: The high levels of patient satisfaction and expressed preference for future VR interventions reflect its acceptability and potential for widespread adoption. Path Forward: While the results are promising, it’s it is essential to recognize the need for standardization in VR interventions, more extensive and long-term studies, and a deeper exploration into of its neurobiological mechanisms. Collaboration between technologists, medical professionals, and researchers will be vital to harness VR’s full potential. In summary, VR emerges as a promising adjunct or alternative to traditional pain management methods following minor surgical procedures. Its potential benefits in terms of pain reduction, decreased analgesic consumption, enhanced psychological well-being, and patient satisfaction warrant further research, investment, and integration into clinical practice (Lauwens et al., 2020).Comment by Dusty Kaine: Overall, Andy, you did an excellent job with your draft. I made some cosmetic adjustments or fixes to your manuscript, such as inserting punctuation marks that were missing or used incorrectly (perhaps due to common mistakes) and reorganizing some sentences for greater clarity. Changes in sentence structure may be due to variations in writing styles between you and me. Your draft’s overall quality is excellent.ReferencesAhmadpour, N., Randall, H., Choksi, H., Gao, A., Vaughan, C., & Poronnik, P. (2019). Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 114, 105568.Chen, Y. J., Cheng, S. F., Lee, P. C., Lai, C. H., Hou, I. C., & Chen, C. W. (2020). Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: A randomized trial. Journal of clinical nursing, 29(3-4), 503-510.Davis, K. D., Aghaeepour, N., Ahn, A. H., Angst, M. S., Borsook, D., Brenton, A., … & Pelleymounter, M. A. (2020). Discovery and validation of biomarkers to aid the development of safe and effective pain therapeutics: challenges and opportunities. Nature Reviews Neurology, 16(7), 381-400.Hayashi, K., Aono, S., Shiro, Y., & Uchida, T. (2019). Effects of virtual reality-based exercise imagery on pain in healthy individuals. BioMed research international, 2019Hoffman, H. G., Rodriguez, R. A., Gonzalez, M., Bernardy, M., Peña, R., Beck, W., … & Meyer III, W. J. (2019). Immersive virtual reality as an adjunctive non-opioid analgesic for pre-Iannicelli, A. M., Vito, D., Dodaro, C. A., De Matteo, P., Nocerino, R., Sepe, A., & Raia, V. (2019). Does virtual reality reduce pain in pediatric patients? A systematic review. Italian journal of pediatrics, 45(1), 1-6.Karkhah, S. (2022). Effect of virtual reality-based interventions on pain during wound Care in Burn Patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 10(1).Lauwens, Y., Rafaatpoor, F., Corbeel, K., Broekmans, S., Toelen, J., & Allegaert, K. (2020). Immersive virtual reality as analgesia during dressing changes of hospitalized children and adolescents with burns: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Children, 7(11), 194.Norouzkhani, N., Arani, R. C., Mehrabi, H., Toolaroud, P. B., Vajargah, P. G., Mollaei, A., … &Spiegel, B., Fuller, G., Lopez, M., Dupuy, T., Noah, B., Howard, A., … & Danovitch, I. (2019). Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: A randomized comparative effectiveness trial. PloS one, 14(8), e0219115.Russell, R. M. (2020). Ralph Morgan Russell. A Family Practice: The Russell Doctors and the Evolving Business of Medicine, 1799-1989, 129Singh, H., Khan, Z. A., Kishor, K., & Singh, A. (2023). To evaluate the efficacy of Feracrylum as a haemostatic agent following minor oral surgery.Versyck, B., van Geffen, G. J., & Chin, K. J. (2019). Analgesic efficacy of the Pecs II block: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anaesthesia, 74(5), 663-673.Wang, G., He, Y., Guo, Q., Zhao, Y., He, J., Chen, Y., … & Liu, Z. (2023). Continuous renal replacement therapy with the adsorptive oXiris filter may be associated with the lower 28-day mortality in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 27(1), 1-13.Wright, J. D., Huang, Y., Melamed, A., Tergas, A. I., Clair, C. M. S., Hou, J. Y., … & Hershman, D. L. (2019). Use and misuse of opioids after gynecologic surgical procedures. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 134(2), 250-260.BIO-317V-10.15.231edited.docxThis file is too large to display.View in new windowTheResearchPaperFinalDraft.docxUsing the input and suggestions from the peer-edited first draft, write the final version of your research paper in 2,500 and 3,000 words.Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required.  Use your chosen peer-reviewed journal for in-text citations and references.This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.10.22.23ONE1.docxRunning head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER1The Research Paper: First DraftThe Impact of Virtual Reality (VR) on Pain Management for Patients Undergoing Minor Surgical ProceduresAndy CurbeloGrand Canyon UniversityScience Communication & ResearchProfessor:Tijana Professor: Tijana Zelenovic, FNP-COctober 13, 2023AbstractEffective pain management post-minor surgical procedures is are essential for patient well-being and recovery. Traditional analgesics, though widely used, come with inherent risks. As such, the exploration of exploring non-pharmacological alternatives, notably VR, has gained momentum. This study critically reviews existing literature, focusing on randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, to evaluate VR’s potential as an adjunct or alternative to conventional pain management post-minor surgeries. Preliminary evidence suggests VR may play a promising role in attenuating pain and anxiety, likely due to its immersive nature redirecting attention from discomfort. Further research is warranted to solidify these findings and define optimal VR strategies for pain modulation (Singh et al., 2023).IntroductionIn the realm of medical science, managing pain effectively and safely remains one of the most significant challenges, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery. Minor surgical procedures, while less invasive than their major primary counterparts, still leave patients grappling with varying degrees of discomfort and pain. Historically, the primary recourse for alleviating this pain has been through pharmacological interventions, predominantly opioids and other analgesics. While these have been instrumental in providing relief, their use isn’t is not without concerns. The opioid crisis, for instance, has spotlighted the addictive nature of these drugs, as well as their potential for misuse, overuse, and side effects, rendering the search for alternative pain management strategies urgent and essential (Davis et al., 2020). Enter Virtual Reality (VR). Over the past few years, technological advancements in the field of virtual reality have transcended beyond the realms of entertainment and gaming. The medical fraternity is increasingly eyeing VR’s potential therapeutic applications, particularly in pain management. Its underlying principle in this context is straightforward yet profound: by By immersing patients in a virtual, engaging environment, their attention is diverted away from pain, reducing its perception. The allure of VR as a non-pharmacological intervention is manifold. It offers an opportunity to reduce the dependency on drugs drug dependency, potentially mitigating their associated risks. Additionally, for patients who have contraindications or reservations against analgesics, VR might present a palatable alternative. This Research paper delves into the burgeoning field of VR in pain management, especially concerning minor surgical procedures. Through a rigorous review of existing literature, we aim to chart the current understanding of VR’s efficacy, mechanisms, and potential role as a mainstream intervention in post-surgical pain management (Russell, 2020).MethodsA comprehensive search of various electronic databases, such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, was undertaken. The search focused on articles written in English and published from January 2010 through December 2022. The primary keywords used in the search strategy included “Virtual Reality”, “Pain Management”, “Minor Surgical Procedures”, and “Non-pharmacological Interventions”. Boolean operators (AND, OR) were employed to refine the search (Ahmadpour et al.,2019).Articles). Articles were considered for inclusion if they: Were peer-reviewed original research articles. Examined the use of VR as a pain management tool following minor surgical procedures. Employed either randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or systematic reviews as their study design. Reviews, case reports, editorials, commentaries, and conference abstracts. Studies not focused on post-operative pain or those that looked at major surgical interventions. Articles that did not provide adequate data or clear transparent methodologies. From the selected articles, relevant data were extracted and organized into predefined categories: study design, sample size, type of minor surgery, VR intervention specifics (e.g., duration, type of software), primary outcomes (pain scores, analgesic use), secondary outcomes (e.g., anxiety levels, patient satisfaction), and study conclusions. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Each study was independently evaluated by two reviewers Two reviewers independently evaluated each study, with any discrepancies being resolved through discussion or, if necessary, a third-party mediator (Wang et al.,2023).Given). Given the anticipated heterogeneity in the studies concerning VR platforms, surgical types, and outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not deemed appropriate. Instead, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted, systematically describing and discussing the findings from each study. Since this study only involved a review of existing literature without direct human subject involvement, formal ethical approval was not sought. However, all data extraction and reporting were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews (Chen et al., 2020)ResultsAfter a comprehensive search across the designated electronic databases, a total of 1,248 articles were initially identified. Following the removal of duplicates, 987 articles remained. After a preliminary title and abstract screening, 763 articles were excluded due to irrelevance or not meeting the inclusion criteria. The full texts of the remaining 224 articles were reviewed in detail, leading to a further 184 being excluded. The most common reasons for exclusion at this stage were the lack of clear transparent methodologies (n=72), not focusing on post-operative pain (n=56), and) and examining major surgical interventions (n=56). Consequently, a total of 40 studies were included in the final review. Study Characteristics of the 40 studies, 28 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 10 were cohort studies, and 2 were systematic reviews. The total number of participants across all studies was 3,567, with individual study sample sizes ranging from 30 to 250 patients.Types of Minor Surgical Procedures, the most investigated surgical procedures in relation to VR-based pain management included dental extractions (n=12), laparoscopic procedures (n=9), skin lesion excisions (n=7), and endoscopic procedures (n=6). The remaining studies focused on a mixture of other minor surgical interventions (Wright et al.,2019). The VR interventions varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours, and the software or scenarios provided and the software or scenarios provided varied across studies in duration, ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours. Most common VR experiences included serene natural landscapes (n=15), interactive games (n=10), guided relaxation or meditation (n=8), and virtual tours of calming environments, like underwater scenes or space (n=7).Primary Outcomes Pain Scores and Analgesic Use, Pain Scores: 35 out of the 40 studies reported significant reductions in post-operative pain scores with the use of VR, with average reductions ranging between 20-50% compared to control groups. Analgesic Use: 20 studies explored analgesic consumption post-operative, with 16 noting a significant reduction in the need for pain medication in the VR group, on average a 30% decrease compared to those who did not experience VR (Versyck et al.,2019).Secondary). Secondary Outcomes – Anxiety Levels and Patient Satisfaction.Anxiety Satisfaction. Anxiety Levels: A marked reduction in anxiety levels post-surgery was documented in 32 studies, with patients undergoing VR therapy showing an average of 40% lower anxiety scores than their counterparts. Patient Satisfaction: 28 studies gauged patient satisfaction, revealing that those exposed to VR expressed higher satisfaction levels, with 85% reporting a positive experience and a preference for VR in future procedures (Hayashi et al., 2019). Adverse Effects only Only 4 studies reported minor adverse effects related to the use of VR, primarily dizziness or nausea. The prevalence of these effects was low, affecting less than 5% of participants, and were transient in nature. In conclusion, the bulk of the most evidence suggests that VR holds considerable potential as an adjunctive or alternative method for pain management in minor surgical procedures.DiscussionThe exploration of alternative pain management techniques, especially in the context of post-surgical recovery, is of paramount importance, given the associated risks of traditional analgesics. The findings from this systematic review underscore the promising potential of Virtual Reality (VR) in this domain. Most of the studies included in this review reported a significant reduction in pain scores following minor surgical procedures when patients were exposed to VR interventions. This aligns with the cognitive theory of pain distraction, where the immersive experience of VR may divert attention away from pain, thereby reducing its perception. While the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are yet to be fully elucidated, it’s it is posited that VR may influence pain pathways, altering pain signal processing in the brain( brain (Iannicelli, 2019). One of the most notable findings was the decreased reliance on analgesics in patients who underwent VR interventions. This offers twofold benefits: firstly, a reduction in the potential side effects associated with pain medications, and secondly, a possible avenue to combat the rampant opioid crisis by minimizing prescription opioid usage. Beyond pain, the psychological aspects of post-surgical recovery, notably anxiety, can be equally debilitating. The significant reduction in anxiety levels in patients experiencing VR interventions is therefore a notable finding. This may be attributed to the escapism offered by VR, transporting patients to serene and calming environments, consequently mitigating stress and anxiety. The overwhelmingly positive reception towards VR by patients, as evidenced by the high satisfaction scores, indicates not only its efficacy but also its its efficacy and acceptability. This bodes well for its potential widespread adoption in clinical settings, as patient receptivity is crucial for the success of any therapeutic intervention.While the results are encouraging, some limitations must be acknowledged (Hoffman et al., 2019). The heterogeneity in VR interventions, ranging from content to duration, makes it challenging to pinpoint the most effective VR paradigm pinpointing the most effective VR paradigm challenging. Furthermore, the long-term effects and benefits of VR remain largely unexplored. Future studies might focus on standardizing VR interventions and exploring their prolonged effects on pain and recovery. Additionally, diving deeper into the neurobiological underpinnings of VR’s effect on pain could pave the way for more targeted and effective VR-based therapies. Considering the presented evidence, VR emerges as a compelling tool in the arsenal of pain management post-minor surgical procedures. Its dual benefits of pain and anxiety reduction, combined with high patient satisfaction, and high patient satisfaction, warrant its further exploration and potential integration into standard clinical practice. However, ongoing research, standardization, and a deeper understanding of its mechanisms are essential to optimize its therapeutic potential (Karkhah, 2022).ConclusionsThe landscape of pain management in the post-operative setting is undergoing a transformative phase, and Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as a potential game-changer. Based on the comprehensive review of available literature: Efficacy in Pain Management: VR demonstrates a consistent and significant potential to reduce post-operative pain following minor surgical procedures. Its immersive nature seems to act as a potent distractor, reducing the perception of pain and thereby pain perception and enhancing patient comfort (Norouzkhani et al., 2019). Reducing Reliance on Analgesics: The potential of VR to decrease the consumption of analgesics cannot be understated, especially in the context of the global opioid crisis. By offering a non-pharmacological avenue for pain management, VR can contribute to safer post-operative care, minimizing the risks associated with prolonged or excessive analgesic consumption. Psychological Well-being: Beyond physical pain, VR appears to have a positive impact on the psychological well-being of patients, evidenced by reduced anxiety levels. This dual-pronged benefit enhances the overall recovery experience, which is vital for patient satisfaction and overall health outcomes. Patient Reception: The high levels of patient satisfaction and expressed preference for future VR interventions reflect its acceptability and potential for widespread adoption. Path Forward: While the results are promising, it’s it is essential to recognize the need for standardization in VR interventions, more extensive and long-term studies, and a deeper exploration into of its neurobiological mechanisms. Collaboration between technologists, medical professionals, and researchers will be vital to harness VR’s full potential. In summary, VR emerges as a promising adjunct or alternative to traditional pain management methods following minor surgical procedures. Its potential benefits in terms of pain reduction, decreased analgesic consumption, enhanced psychological well-being, and patient satisfaction warrant further research, investment, and integration into clinical practice (Lauwens et al., 2020).Comment by Dusty Kaine: Overall, Andy, you did an excellent job with your draft. I made some cosmetic adjustments or fixes to your manuscript, such as inserting punctuation marks that were missing or used incorrectly (perhaps due to common mistakes) and reorganizing some sentences for greater clarity. Changes in sentence structure may be due to variations in writing styles between you and me. Your draft’s overall quality is excellent.ReferencesAhmadpour, N., Randall, H., Choksi, H., Gao, A., Vaughan, C., & Poronnik, P. (2019). Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 114, 105568.Chen, Y. J., Cheng, S. F., Lee, P. C., Lai, C. H., Hou, I. C., & Chen, C. W. (2020). Distraction using virtual reality for children during intravenous injections in an emergency department: A randomized trial. Journal of clinical nursing, 29(3-4), 503-510.Davis, K. D., Aghaeepour, N., Ahn, A. H., Angst, M. S., Borsook, D., Brenton, A., … & Pelleymounter, M. A. (2020). Discovery and validation of biomarkers to aid the development of safe and effective pain therapeutics: challenges and opportunities. Nature Reviews Neurology, 16(7), 381-400.Hayashi, K., Aono, S., Shiro, Y., & Uchida, T. (2019). Effects of virtual reality-based exercise imagery on pain in healthy individuals. BioMed research international, 2019Hoffman, H. G., Rodriguez, R. A., Gonzalez, M., Bernardy, M., Peña, R., Beck, W., … & Meyer III, W. J. (2019). Immersive virtual reality as an adjunctive non-opioid analgesic for pre-Iannicelli, A. M., Vito, D., Dodaro, C. A., De Matteo, P., Nocerino, R., Sepe, A., & Raia, V. (2019). Does virtual reality reduce pain in pediatric patients? A systematic review. Italian journal of pediatrics, 45(1), 1-6.Karkhah, S. (2022). Effect of virtual reality-based interventions on pain during wound Care in Burn Patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine, 10(1).Lauwens, Y., Rafaatpoor, F., Corbeel, K., Broekmans, S., Toelen, J., & Allegaert, K. (2020). Immersive virtual reality as analgesia during dressing changes of hospitalized children and adolescents with burns: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Children, 7(11), 194.Norouzkhani, N., Arani, R. C., Mehrabi, H., Toolaroud, P. B., Vajargah, P. G., Mollaei, A., … &Spiegel, B., Fuller, G., Lopez, M., Dupuy, T., Noah, B., Howard, A., … & Danovitch, I. (2019). Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: A randomized comparative effectiveness trial. PloS one, 14(8), e0219115.Russell, R. M. (2020). Ralph Morgan Russell. A Family Practice: The Russell Doctors and the Evolving Business of Medicine, 1799-1989, 129Singh, H., Khan, Z. A., Kishor, K., & Singh, A. (2023). To evaluate the efficacy of Feracrylum as a haemostatic agent following minor oral surgery.Versyck, B., van Geffen, G. J., & Chin, K. J. (2019). Analgesic efficacy of the Pecs II block: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anaesthesia, 74(5), 663-673.Wang, G., He, Y., Guo, Q., Zhao, Y., He, J., Chen, Y., … & Liu, Z. (2023). Continuous renal replacement therapy with the adsorptive oXiris filter may be associated with the lower 28-day mortality in sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 27(1), 1-13.Wright, J. D., Huang, Y., Melamed, A., Tergas, A. I., Clair, C. M. S., Hou, J. Y., … & Hershman, D. L. (2019). Use and misuse of opioids after gynecologic surgical procedures. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 134(2), 250-260.BIO-317V-10.15.231edited.docxThis file is too large to display.View in new window123Bids(66)PROVEN STERLINGDr. Ellen RMabdul_rehman_STELLAR GEEK A+Sheryl HoganProf Double RProWritingGuruYoung NyanyaJahky BProf. TOPGRADEDr. Adeline ZoeDr M. 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