using these references, answer the following questions :

http://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/dirt-waste-and-revulsion-how-cultures-cope-leftovers-and-mess

http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-technology/lighting-the-industrial-revolution

http://www.rail.co.uk/british-railway-history/british-railways/

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indrev6.asp

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/rrintro.html

http://pammack.sites.clemson.edu/lec122/britir.htm

http://burkeandhare.com/

http://ezproxy.umuc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25912748&site=eds-live&scope=site

1. How did the Industrial Revolution transform people’s daily lives? Be sure to include sanitation and labor.
2. How do Burke and Hare illustrate the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution?
3. The following quote from Jaques Barzun’s From Dawn to Decadence addresses the railroad. Discuss the impact of the railroad on daily lives or on the Industrial Revolution. In what ways did locomotion create a technological transformation for humanity as a whole – at least in the areas where it existed?
   • “At first, machinery affected only those who organized its use and the men and women who worked in factories. But by 1830 a different type of machine came into being that changed the life and the minds of all peoples. The memory of it is nearly gone, but it was the completest change in human experience since the nomadic tribes became rooted in one spot to grow grain and raise cattle; it was in effect a reversal of that settling down. Locomotion by the force of steam, the railroad, uprooted mankind and made of it individual nomads again.” (Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 539)

 B) The title of chapter 9 is “The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250.” Using this as a frame of reference write an essay addressing the following: Discuss the role of the Church in Medieval Europe and the Church’s impetus for reform during the High Middle Ages. What does the Investiture Controversy say about Church-State relations? Mention monasteries and the papacy. How do we account for the sudden increase of heresies in the 12th century? What forces motivated the heretic? How would you define scholasticism and its place in universities? Why was this century a era of promise for students who wished to pursue education outside the monastic or cathedral schools? What about Europe’s interaction with Islamic Civilization. As always: 1,200-1,800 words or more if you are inclined.

1. According to Herling, what role should affirmation or criticism of religious beliefs and practices play in the academic study of religion?

4. What are some of the key terms of Smart’s theory of religion, and what do they mean? What are some of the examples Smart uses to illustrate and support his theories?

5. What are some of the key terms of Tillich’s theory of religion, and what do they mean? What are some of the examples Tillich uses to illustrate and support his theories?

6. What are some of the key terms of Smith’s theory of religion, and what do they mean? What are some of the examples Smith uses to illustrate and support his theories?

7. What are some of the key terms of Freud’s theory of religion, and what do they mean? What are some of the examples Freud uses to illustrate and support his theories?

8. What does it mean, for Freud, to call religion an illusion, and why does he refer to it as such? What wishes does religion fulfill for human beings, and why does he say that religion is the “universal obsessional neurosis of humanity?

9. What are some of the key terms of Marx’s theory of religion, and what do they mean? What are some of the examples Marx uses to illustrate and support his theories?

10. According to Marx, what is the relationship between religious and socioeconomic activity? What role does religion play for human beings within such activity? Why does Marx think that any critique of religion must also include social and economic critique?

11. Compare and contrast Marx and Freud. What similarities do you see among their respective theories of religion? What differences to you see?

12. What is Gramsci’s concept of hegemony? How can the practice of religion in the contemporary world by understood in these terms?

13. What, for Althusser, is ideology, and what are ideological state apparatuses? In what sense can religion be understood in terms of ideology and ideological state apparatuses?

14. How, according to Foucault, is power exercised in the nebula of social relationships and contexts? How does the notion of the panopticon illustrate his points?

Primary Source Essay:

In this assignment you will write an essay that includes analysis of a primary source or sources. Primary sources are documents or other artifacts that provide first-hand accounts of the time period that you are studying. Primary sources are created by participants in or witnesses to events at the time or close to the time that they occurred. Primary sources include laws, treaties, speeches, diaries, memoirs, letters, reports, government or other records, creative works, and for later periods, photographs, films etc.

Select ONE of the assignments below and write an essay answering the posted questions. Integrate what you have learned about the era from your text with your analysis of the primary source reading. Although you will be presented with several questions, integrate your responses into a unified whole.

An excellent primary source essay will do the following:

• Explore relevant sections of the primary source(s) assigned.
• Use and incorporate ideas, issues, or explanations from the primary source(s) assigned.
• Specifically answer the question or questions asked. Do what the question requires (compare, evaluate etc.).
• Briefly identify people, events, or terms mentioned.
• Demonstrate a good knowledge of the historical context of the primary source(s) that can be found from the Spielvogel text.
• Support all general statements with specific evidence (examples, events, quotations).
• Organize ideas into a logical sequence.
• Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

Formatting directions:

• Do not include a cover page.
• Put your name at the top of your essay.
• Double-space and use a standard (Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri) twelve point font.
• Indent the first line of every paragraph. Include a Works Cited Page as part of the document if appropriate.
• Spell check your essay before you submit it.
• Submit by clicking “Primary Source Essay One” above.

 Assignment Selections:

A. READ the following selection about the battle of Thermopylae from Herodotus’ The Histories:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-xerxes.html

Using the Spielvogel textbook and The Histories write an essay of 4-5 pages answering the following questions:

• Who is Herodotus and what is his significance?
• What incidents in the primary source portray Xerxes as superstitious and tyrannical?
• What do the events of the battle tell you about Spartan culture?
• What values of Greek society does Herodotus’ narrative seem to promote?
• Evaluate the significance of the Persian invasions on Greek political and intellectual development. What impact did they have on the development of the Athenian and Spartan states?

B. Or READ “Pericles’ Funeral Oration” from the The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. You may use any book source for this that you choose, but it is available at:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/pericles-funeralspeech.html

Also Read The Melian Debate at:

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm

(You must read and analyze BOTH primary sources.)

Using the Spielvogel textbook and both primary sources write an essay of 4-5 pages answering the following questions:

• What was the role of Athens in the culture and political life Greece in the fifth century B.C.E.?
• Compare and contrast the depiction of Athenian democracy by Pericles with how a modern historian would evaluate Athenian democracy.
• Contrast the Athenian statements to the Melians with the sentiments expressed by Pericles in his funeral oration. Does Athens seem to live up to beliefs that Pericles expresses in his funeral oration?
• How do these readings help you to evaluate Athenian values and limitations?

Please read/view and compare these various accounts and depictions of the Boston Massacre. In your analysis of these documents, address the following three (3) questions:

1. Which written account (Patriot or Loyalist) do you find more believable and why?

2. Based upon the written narratives and testimonies of the incident, how accurate do you believe the two depictions of the “Boston Massacre” (Henry Pelham’s and Paul Revere’s) are and why?

3. If you were an average colonist exposed to these various documents, would they have tipped the scale on your decision to rebel or stay loyal to the crown? Why?

Your responses to these three questions needs to total a minimum length of TWO FULL PAGES.

Please remember to use specific details from these documents to support your arguments.