Chemistry

/in /by

Lab 01: Coffee Problem

Purpose of Experiment: To perform specific heat calculations and check those calculations using the virtual lab example.

Deliverables:

· A screenshot of the correct answer and all calculations and explanations

Instructions:

For this lab assignment, you will need to read the instructions for the Metals Density Problem on the ChemCollective website. After you complete this reading, return to this assignment to read an example problem that will help you to complete the lab on the ChemCollective page.

Go to lab page:  http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/115

To complete the lab, all calculations and an explanation of how you will make the coffee must be shown in the provided box below the virtual lab. Once the green check box is clicked and the lab shows you have a correct answer, take a screen shot and submit the screenshot of the lab for your grade.

Lab Assistance:

The following will help you to complete out the Coffee Problem lab.

All glassware used in this lab (even the pipets) must be insulated. Once the coffee and milk are selected, you must change the temperature to the initial temperature and insulate the glassware or it will quickly lose temperature.

Hint: the coffee is in an insulated travel mug, so no heat escapes. To insulate a piece of glassware in Virtual Lab, Mac-users should command-click (or open-apple click) on the beaker or flask; Windows users should right click on the beaker or flask. From the menu that appears, choose “Thermal Properties.” Check the box labeled “insulated from surroundings.” The temperature of the solution in that beaker or flask will remain constant.

All calculations and an explanation of how you will make the coffee must be shown in the provided box below the virtual lab. Once the green check box is clicked and the lab shows you have a correct answer, take a screen shot and submit the screenshot of the lab for your grade.

Example question and calculation:

You decided to make hot water for your favorite flavored tea drink. The water, after boiling, was at about 98 ˚C when you poured it over the tea bags. You now have 100 mL hot tea at 98 ˚C and want to dilute the tea and bring it to room temperature at about 25 ˚C. To make the tea to the correct temperature, you will add a portion of cold water at a temperature of 5 ˚C. How much cold water should you add to the hot tea water? (Hint: the density of tea and water is 1 g/mL and the specific heat of tea and water is 4.184 J/g∙˚C).

First convert the volume to mass using density:

100mL⋅1g1mL=100g100mL⋅1g1mL=100g

Next, use the following equation: q=m×C×ΔTq=m×C×∆T. This problem requires an endothermic and an exothermic reaction; therefore the equation is modified: q=−qq=−q. The cold water absorbs heat and is the endothermic reaction; therefore, the cold water portion is the qq. The tea temperature being brought down is releasing heat and therefore is the −q−q side of the equation. Now we can substitute the m×C×ΔTm×C×∆T for each qq, making sure to keep the signs of each qq.

(m×C×ΔT)=−(m×C×ΔT)(m×C×∆T)=−(m×C×∆T)

(m×C×(Tf−Ti))=−(m×C×(Tf−Ti))(m×C×(Tf−Ti))=−(m×C×(Tf−Ti))

(m×4.184Jg⋅℃×(25℃−5℃))=−(100g×4.184Jg⋅℃×(25℃−98℃))(m×4.184Jg⋅℃×(25℃−5℃))=−(100g×4.184Jg⋅℃×(25℃−98℃))

(m×4.184Jg⋅℃×(20℃))=−(100g×4.184Jg⋅℃×(−73℃))(m×4.184Jg⋅℃×(20℃))=−(100g×4.184Jg⋅℃×(−73℃))

(m×83.68Jg)=−(−30,543.2J)(m×83.68Jg)=−(−30,543.2J)

(m×83.68Jg)=30,543.2J(m×83.68Jg)=30,543.2J

m=30,543.2J83.68Jg=365gm=30,543.2J83.68Jg=365g

Convert the grams into mL with the density: 365g×1mL1g=365mL365g×1mL1g=365mL

Once you have completed the calculation, check you work by doing the virtual lab as explained.

 

 

Lab 2 Powerade

To access your lab, please follow these instructions— *if you have already done steps 1-10, simply log in to view your course and participate in lab activities:

1. Please go to:  https://oli.cmu.edu/jcourse/webui/register/student.do 

2. This will bring you to the “Course Key Students” page.

3. Enter the Course Key “GRC19” in the box and click “register.”

4. Create an account by filling in the information (be sure to use an account ID and password you will remember and make a note of it for future logins).

5. Click “I’m not a robot” and “Sign Up.”

6. Confirm your account by clicking on “confirm account.”

7. Read the consent form, then agree by choosing “I agree” and “submit.”

8. Click on “Register” for the Chemistry Virtual Lab Activities with Instructor Sandra Raysor.

9. Click on “Enter course” next to the red arrow to begin the lab.

10. Find the lab required for the assignment and begin work.

Should you experience issues, please contact the PSC at 1-866-693-2211 and let them know you need assistance with labs in the CHM1100 course.

Purpose of Experiment: To modify the concentration of liquids.

All of the instructions for this lab are located within ChemCollective. You will step through this lab completing different tasks on different pages. At the end of each task, you will see a “Correct” or “Incorrect” screen. You are able to try again if you see an “Incorrect” screen. Be sure to take a screenshot of each “Correct” screen. Submit a zip file of all screenshots for this lab activity.

 

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

GLOBAL SIMULATION CHALLENGE

/in /by

THE ASSIGNMENT

(GENERAL INFORMATION)

PLEASE IN THE GLOBAL SIMULATION CHALLENGE, IT’S LIKE A GAME WITH DIFFERENT ROUNDS, IT HAS ROUND 1 TO 7, AND EACH ROUNDS ARE BEEN PLAY SEPARATE AND HAS DIFFERENT OUTCOME IN EACH, IN THE GAME THE COMPANYS HEADQUATERS ARE TO BE USA WHILE ITS SUBSIDARIES ARE EUROPE AND ASIA, so only three location is in this game.

 

IN THE GAME THERE ARE MANY GROUP OF PEOPLES, GROUP INTO 4 TO 5 GROUPS IN ORDER TO MAKEUP AND CREATE DIFFERENT COMPANIES IN THE TECHONLOGY INDUSTRY. IN THIS INDUSTRY MY GROUP AND COMPANY NAME IS GAGA COMPANY AND IN THE GAME THERE ARE FOUR PRODUCTS AVAILABLE FOR EACH GROUP AND TEAM TO BASE THERE PRODUCTION AND DECISIONS ON. AND THOSE PRODUCTS ARE IDENTIFY AS TECH 1, TECH 2, TECH 3 AND TECH 4.

HOWEVER GAGA COMPANY CHOSE ONLY TO BASE ITS PRODUCTIONS AND DECISION ON PRODUCT TECH 1, TECH 2 AND TECH4 ONLY BECAUSE OF THERE HIGH RATE OF DAMANDS AND GROW IN THE INDUSTRY.

 

PART 1 ( HAS 2 QUS)

1.    A critical evaluation of the Global Simulation Challenge and how it could be improved.  (500 WORDS)

 

2.    A signed letter outlining how the marks should be split. This gives the team an opportunity to reward outstanding contribution or lack thereof. Any additional marks will reduce the team mark. (200 WORDS)

 

EACH TEAM MEMBER WILL BE AWARDED EQUAILLY DUE TO EQUAL PERPORMANCE FROM EACH TEAM MEMBER SO EACH TEAM MEMBER WILL BE REWARD 25% OF THE MARK. FOUR TEAM MEMBER 25% EACH WHICH MAKE IT TOTAL OF 100% MARK

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PART 2

  Individual report  (3 QUS)      (1500 words)

 

1.     An individual reflection of the round(s) for which you had lead responsibility, to include; legacy, communication, agreement, leading the team, finalizing/agreeing the decisions and analysis of the results.

 

2.    In depth reflection of the simulation structure and rules, Business Strategy lectures and theory, analysis of the results and the extent to which they informed each other.

 

3.    A report on the usefulness of the Global Challenge simulation and how it helped you understand the broader concepts of Business strategy and Business in general.

 

ADDTION INFORMATION THE WILL BE USEFULL FOR PART 2 ANSWERS

Gaga company have the biggest market share in USA in all the ROUNDS 1-7 and the biggest profit in EROUPE and in ASIA gaga company is in third position both in market share and profit.

FROM ROUND 1-5 gaga company mostly base it production and performance on TECH 1 and TECH 2.

FROM ROUND 6-7 the company mostly base on TECH 1, TECH 2 and TECH 4

 

 

INFORMATION ON THE STRATEGY

·         MARKET STRATEGY GAGA GROUP USE IS-

High advertisement in use US, price strategy in ASIA by using medium price level to attract  more market AND In EUROPE we maintain high Tech in the market and high research and development strategy in order to improve product quality and maintain best quality products in the market.

 

·         HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-

Gaga group always try to add and increase salary in each and every ROUND from ROUND 1 TO ROUND 7 by $50 increase

 

·         PRODUCTION STRATEGY-

Team Gaga try to maintain lower cost of production and high utilisation of capacity and resource and also have more production plants in ASIA because of Asia low cost of labour and production in order to maintain lower production cost generally.

 

·         Logistic-

Gaga group try to avoid transportation and reallocation of products between USA and ASIA because of high tax and tariff between the two countries.

 

·         FINANCE-

Gaga team always pay back long term debt as soon as possible in order to avoid high interest rate.

 

And more DIVIDEND payment was made especially on the last TWO ROUNDS

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

chemistry

/in /by

Nuclear Chemistry

 

Pre-Lab Questions

1. Define radioactivity decay.

The spontaneous transformation of an unstable atomic nucleus into a lighter one, in which radiation is released in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and other particles.

2. What is predictable about radioactive decay? What is unpredictable?

What is predictable about radioactive decay is how long it will take for the half-life of the mass of the material to decay. What is unpredictable about radioactive decay is that it is random and spontaneous and how long a particular molecule takes to decay.

3. Describe how half-life is used to determine the geologic age of a rock.

To determine the age of a rock, measure the ratio of the remaining parent atom to the amount of daughter atom and by this you will know how long the molecule has been decaying.

 

 

 

Table 2: Radioactive Decay Data

Trial Skittles® “S” Up (Parent Atoms) Skittles® “S” Down (Daughter Atoms) for each Trial Skittles® “S” Down (Daughter Atoms) Cumulative Total
0 61  0  0 
1 30  31  31 
2 7  23  54 
3 3  4  58 
4 2  1  59 
5 1  1  60
6  1  0 60 
7 0   1 61 

 

Post-Lab Questions

1. Create a graph using your data from Table 2 and a computer program such as Microsoft Excel®. If you do not have a graphing program installed on your computer, you can access one on the internet via the following links: http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/ or http://www.onlinecharttool.com. On the x-axis plot “Trial Number.” On the y-axis plot “Parent Atoms” and “Total Daughter Atoms.”

 

 

 

 

2. Suppose the isotope your Skittles® represented was uranium-238 and the trials represent the number of half-lives. How old was the sample at the end of your tests? Use Table 1 in the Introduction to help you answer this question. Include your calculations.

4.5 x 7 = 31.5 billion years’ old

 

3. Suppose the isotope your Skittles® represented was uranium-238 and the trials represent the number of half-lives. Use the ratio of daughter to parent atoms to calculate the age of the sample in Trial 3. Use Table 1 in the Introduction to help you answer this question. Include your calculations.

Ratio: 1:127

(7)(4.5) = 31.5 billion years old

 

4. Suppose the isotope your Skittles® represented was uranium-238 and the trials represent the number of half-lives. Calculate the age of the sample after three half-lives. (Hint: this calculation should be different than Question 2). Does this match your answer to Question 3? Why or why not? Use Table 1 in the introduction to help you answer this question. Include your calculations.

 

 

5. Identify and describe similarities and differences between this experiment and radioactive decay in nature.

Shows half life but not time.

 

Trial 5 Trial 7

Radioactive Decay

Parent Atoms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 61 30 7 3 2 1 1 0 Total Daughter Atoms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 31 54 58 59 60 60 61

Trials

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Module 3 Lab Experiment-Chimestry

/in /by

Name:__________________

College Chemistry I – Chem. 1806

Lab Report 3 assignment

 

Naming Chemical Compounds

1. Name the following elements, binary ionic compounds, and polyatomic ions using the rules that have been discussed. (5 points)

Data Table 1
  Item to name Name
1 S Click or tap here to enter text.
2 Sb Click or tap here to enter text.
3 N2 Click or tap here to enter text.
4 PO43- Click or tap here to enter text.
5 Au Click or tap here to enter text.
6 Rb Click or tap here to enter text.
7 LiCl Click or tap here to enter text.
8 AlBr3 Click or tap here to enter text.
9 KMnO4 Click or tap here to enter text.
10 Cu(OH)2 Click or tap here to enter text.
11 FeSO4 Click or tap here to enter text.
12 NH4Cl Click or tap here to enter text.
13 ZnCO3 Click or tap here to enter text.
14 SnF2 Click or tap here to enter text.
15 MgSO4 Click or tap here to enter text.
16 MnO2 Click or tap here to enter text.
17 Ca3(PO4)2 Click or tap here to enter text.
18 NaOH Click or tap here to enter text.
19 HCl Click or tap here to enter text.
20 Ba(HSO3)2 Click or tap here to enter text.
21 HNO3 Click or tap here to enter text.
22 FeSO3 Click or tap here to enter text.
23 Al2S3 Click or tap here to enter text.
24 KNO3 Click or tap here to enter text.

 

 

2. Write the formula of the following compounds using the rules that have been discussed. (5 points)

Data Table 2
  Compound Name Formula
1 Potassium cyanide Click or tap here to enter text.
2 Ammonium carbonate Click or tap here to enter text.
3 Lithium selenide Click or tap here to enter text.
4 Calcium hydrogen carbonate Click or tap here to enter text.
5 Potassium carbonate Click or tap here to enter text.
6 Strontium hydroxide Click or tap here to enter text.
7 Cobalt (III) phosphate Click or tap here to enter text.
8 Iron (II) sulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
9 Zinc permanganate Click or tap here to enter text.
10 Silver nitrate Click or tap here to enter text.
11 Cadmium sulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
12 Sodium sulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
13 Barium iodide Click or tap here to enter text.
14 Lead (II) chloride Click or tap here to enter text.
15 Aluminum hydroxide Click or tap here to enter text.
16 Barium permanganate Click or tap here to enter text.
17 Lithium sulfate Click or tap here to enter text.
18 Sulfuric acid Click or tap here to enter text.
19 Magnesium chloride Click or tap here to enter text.
20 Potassium hydroxide Click or tap here to enter text.
21 Sodium sulfite Click or tap here to enter text.
22 Tin (II) fluoride Click or tap here to enter text.
23 Iron (II) chloride Click or tap here to enter text.
24 Copper (II) nitrate Click or tap here to enter text.

 

3. Write the name of the following compounds using the rules that have been discussed. Nitric oxide will not be accepted for the compound name of NO since it has not been discussed. (5 points)

Data Table 3
  Formula Compound Name
1 B2O3 Click or tap here to enter text.
2 NO Click or tap here to enter text.
3 N2O4 Click or tap here to enter text.
4 S2F10 Click or tap here to enter text.
5 BrF3 Click or tap here to enter text.
6 H2O Click or tap here to enter text.
7 SiCl4 Click or tap here to enter text.
8 H2O2 Click or tap here to enter text.
9 CO Click or tap here to enter text.
10 N2O Click or tap here to enter text.
11 SiO2 Click or tap here to enter text.
12 CCl4 Click or tap here to enter text.
13 PCl3 Click or tap here to enter text.
14 PCl5 Click or tap here to enter text.
15 SF6 Click or tap here to enter text.
16 O2F2 Click or tap here to enter text.
17 P4S3 Click or tap here to enter text.
18 XeF4 Click or tap here to enter text.

 

4. Write the formulas of the following compounds using the rules that have been discussed. (5 points)

Data Table 4
  Compound Name Formula
1 Tribromine octoxide Click or tap here to enter text.
2 Tetraiodide nonoxide Click or tap here to enter text.
3 Dihydrogen monosulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
4 Iodine monochloride Click or tap here to enter text.
5 Nitrogen monoxide Click or tap here to enter text.
6 Hydrogen monochloride Click or tap here to enter text.
7 Tricarbon dioxide Click or tap here to enter text.
8 Bromine trichloride Click or tap here to enter text.
9 Nitrogen trihydride Click or tap here to enter text.
10 Dinitrogen monosulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
11 Carbon tetrabromide Click or tap here to enter text.
12 Sulfur trioxide Click or tap here to enter text.
13 Iodine hexafluoride Click or tap here to enter text.
14 Tetraphosphorus decasulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
15 Dichlorine pentoxide Click or tap here to enter text.
16 Diphosphorus tetraiodide Click or tap here to enter text.
17 Diphosphorus pentasulfide Click or tap here to enter text.
18 Carbon dioxide Click or tap here to enter text.

 

 

Lewis Structure Model

5. Complete the following table. No pictures from the internet are allowed. The VSEPR model must be made using the model kit from your lab kit.(5 points)

Data Table 1
  Molecule or Ionic Compound Number of Valence Electrons Lewis Structure (drawn by hand) VSEPR Model (insert a picture of your model)
1 CCl4 Click or tap here to enter text.
2 MgCl2 Click or tap here to enter text.
3 AlCl3 Click or tap here to enter text.
4 PbI4 Click or tap here to enter text.
5 CH4 Click or tap here to enter text.
6 ICl5 Click or tap here to enter text.
7 CH2O Click or tap here to enter text.
8 NF3 Click or tap here to enter text.
9 H2O Click or tap here to enter text.
10 CO2 Click or tap here to enter text.
11 [NO2]- Click or tap here to enter text.
12 [NH4]+ Click or tap here to enter text.
13 SO2 Click or tap here to enter text.
14 NH3 Click or tap here to enter text.
15 H2S Click or tap here to enter text.
16 SF6 Click or tap here to enter text.
17 SbCl5 Click or tap here to enter text.

 

 

6. Complete the following table. (5 points)

Data Table 2
  Molecule Number of atoms or sets of lone pairs surrounding the central atom Structure Geometry (Name)
1 CCl4 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
2 MgCl2 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
3 AlCl3 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
4 PbI4 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
5 CH4 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
6 ICl5 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
7 CH2O Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
8 NF3 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
9 H2O Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
10 CO2 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
11 [NO2]- Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
12 [NH4]+ Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
13 SO2 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
14 NH3 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
15 H2S Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
16 SF6 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.
17 SbCl5 Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text.

 

7. Which, if any, of the molecules in Data Table 1 (Lewis Structure Model) had resonance structures? How many resonance structures did each of the molecules have? (5 points)

Click or tap here to enter text.

 

8. Lewis structures are drawn for molecules and not typically for ionic compounds. Explain why Lewis structures are not typically drawn for ionic compounds. (5 points)

 

Click or tap here to enter text.

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Chemistry lab hw

/in /by

EXPERIMENT #1: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN IONS IN A SOLTUION

Project:

In a vacated company laboratory, you find an unlabeled bottle of aqueous solution. It is known that the cation(s) is(are) from the following: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Bi3+, As3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, and Al3+; and the anions from SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, Cl-, and NO3-. Design an experiment to identify what ion(s) is(are) present in this unlabeled solution.

· Design a detailed procedure to separate the ions into groups

· Identify the ions in the unknown solution using the information in the Background Section.

· Develop a flow chart to clearly show the steps, and add individual tests to the flow chart to show the identification. List the techniques and equipment you would need to use.

Background:

The first step in qualitative analysis is to separate the ions into groups, because many ions may give similar results when the same reagents are added, and hence may interfere with each other. If present, Ag+, Hg22+ and Pb2+ will all form white precipitate when HCl is added, thus separate from the rest of the ions in the solution. After Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+ are removed from the solution, Cu2+, Bi3+, As3+, if present, will all form precipitate with H2S in acidic conditions , thus separate from the rest of the solution. Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, if present, will precipitate when NaOH is added, thus separate from the rest of the solution.

After separation of the ions, individual tests are to be performed to identify the ions. For example, a white precipitate forms when HCl is added to the unknown solution, indicating one, two, or all three cations from Group I (Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+) may exist. After adding excess HCl to ensure that all of the Group I cations have precipitated out of the solution, the precipitate is collected (using which technique?), washed (using which technique?) and dried. Always keep the rest of the clear solution because you need to analyze it for other ions later! The precipitate collected is then analyzed for existence of Ag+, Hg22+ or Pb2+:

PbCl2 is soluble in hot water while AgCl and Hg2Cl2 are not. Therefore adding water the precipitate and heating the mixture will dissolve PbCl2 and separate it from AgCl and Hg2Cl2 (using which techniques?). AgCl will redissolve if NH3 is added,

AgCl(s) + 2 NH3 (aq) ⇌ Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

but will form a white precipitate again if the solution is acidified with HNO3,

Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇌AgCl(s) (white) + 2 NH4+(aq)

This series confirms the existence of Ag+.

Hg22+ is identified by the following reaction,

Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 NH3(aq) ⇌ Hg(s) (black) + HgNH2Cl(s) (white) + NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Pb2+ is confirmed by the K2CrO4 test:

Pb2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) ⇌ PbCrO4(s) (yellow)

After Group I cations are removed from the unknown solution, Group II cations are precipitated by adding 6M HCl and thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) which hydrolyzes to give H2S:

CH3CSNH2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + H+(aq) ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + NH4+(aq) + H2S(aq)

H2S will then precipitate Cu2+, Bi3+, As3+ from the solution, if they are present. Copper and bismuth sulfides are insoluble in basic thioacetamide while arsenic sulfide dissolves in the form of thio complex ion, AsS33-, thus separating arsenic from copper and bismuth.

Arsenic is tested as follows,

As2S3(s) + H2S (aq) + NaOH (aq) → AsS33-(aq)

AsS33-(aq) + HCl(aq) → As2S3(s)

As2S3(s) + H2O2 (basic) → AsO43-(aq)

AsO43-(aq) + Mg(OH)2 (magnesia mixture) → MgNH4AsO4 (s) (white)

CuS and Bi2S3 dissolve in hot HNO3 forming Cu2+ and Bi3+ ions; addition of NH3 will form a white precipitate, Bi(OH)3, with Bi3+, and a deep blue color complex solution, Cu(NH3)42+, with Cu2+.

Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ all form insoluble hydroxides when NaOH is added, but Al(OH)3 will re-dissolve if excess NaOH is added because of its amphotericity,

Al(OH)3(s) + OH-(aq) ⇌ Al(OH)4-(aq)

Therefore, Co(OH)2(s, lavender), Ni(OH)2(s, green), Fe(OH)3(s, reddish-brown) are separated from Al(OH)4-(aq). They will dissolve again if the pH is adjusted to acidic. Since the tests for these three ions, Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, do not interfere significantly with each other, the solution is simply divided into three portions for individual tests:

Ni2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) ⇌ Ni(NH3)62+(aq)

Ni(NH3)62+(aq) + 2HDMG ⇌ Ni(DMG)2(s) (red) + 2NH4+(aq) + 4NH3(aq)

where HDMG is demethylglyoxime, (CH3)2C2(NOH)2.

Co2+ is tested by first adding NaF to complex with Fe3+ (FeF63-) to prevent interference from Fe3+, followed by addition of saturated NH4SCN in ethanol solution:

Co2+ + 4SCN- ⇌ Co(SCN)42-(blue)

Fe3+ is tested by adding KSCN:

Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) ⇌ FeSCN2+(aq) (red)

Aluminum is tested by the following steps:

1. Al(OH)4-(aq) + 16M HNO3 → Al3+(aq)

2. Al3+(aq) + 15M NH3 → Al(OH)3(s)

3. Al(OH)3(s) + 3M CH3COOH → Al3+(aq)

4. Al3+(aq) + aluminum reagent + 6M NH3 → red precipitate (Al(OH)3-Al)

The anions are analyzed in a similar fashion. The BaCl2 group where addition of BaCl2 forms white precipitates with SO42-, CO32-, PO43-,

SO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) ⇌ BaSO4(s)

CO32-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) ⇌ BaCO3(s)

2PO43-(aq) + 3Ba2+(aq) ⇌ Ba3(PO4)2(s)

The difference is BaSO4(s) will not dissolve in HCl , while both BaCO3(s) and Ba3(PO4)2(s) do dissolve in HCl; BaCO3(s) also effervesce with release of CO2.

BaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The AgNO3 group , where addition of AgNO3 precipitates CO32-, PO43-, and Cl-. Ag2SO4 is slightly soluble.

CO32-(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) ⇌ Ag2CO3(s) (white)

PO43-(aq) + 3Ag+(aq) ⇌ Ag3PO4(s) (yellow)

Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) ⇌ AgCl(s) (white)

Addition of HNO3 causes Ag2CO3 and Ag3PO4 to dissolve, with Ag2CO3 also causing effervescence, while AgCl remains as a white precipitate.

The soluble group, NO3-, is tested by the brown ring test. The addition of H2SO4 and FeSO4 causes a brown ring of Fe(H2O)5NO2+ to appear at the interface of the two layers.

NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) +4Fe2+(aq) + 3H2O → 3Fe3+(aq) + Fe(H2O)5NO2+(aq)

Identification of the Silver group ions: Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+

These ions are removed from the solution by adding excess 6M HCl to the solution and stirring with a stirring rod. After centrifugation, the precipitate will stick to the wall and bottom of the test tube and the supernatant solution will be clear. Test for complete precipitation by adding 2 more drops of 6M HCl to the clear supernatant liquid. If the solution turns cloudy, add two more drops of HCl, stir and centrifuge. Repeat until the supernatant liquid is clear when HCl is added.

Decant the supernatant solution and wash the precipitate with some cold water, centrifuge and decant the wash solution. The silver group ions, if any, are now in the precipitate.

Add some distilled water to the precipitate and place the test tube in a hot water bath, stir and heat for a few minutes. Quickly centrifuge and decant the solution in a clean test tube labeled “Pb2+”. Repeat the above step two more times and combine the solutions after centrifuging in the labeled test tube. The remaining precipitate, if any, will be analyzed for Ag+ and Hg22+.

Test for Ag+ and Hg22+: Add 20 drops of 4M NH3 to the precipitate. If a grey to black precipitate forms Hg22+ is present. Centrifuge and decant the clear liquid in a clean test tube. Acidify the solution with 4M HNO3. A white precipitate of AgCl or cloudiness confirms the presence of Ag+.

Test for Pb2+: Pour half of the solution from the Pb2+-labeled test tube into a clean test tube, add a few drops of K2CrO4 and observe; add a few drops of KI to the other portion of the solution, observe.

Identification of the Copper-Arsenic group ions: Cu2+, Bi3+, and As3+

To the clear supernatant solution after removing the silver group ions, add a few drops of 6M HCl and 20 drops of thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) and heat in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 1 mL of H2O and heat for another 10 min. Centrifuge and decant the supernatant into a clean test tube labeled “Group II”. Group II ions (Cu2+, Bi3+, and As3+), if present, will be in the precipitate.

Wash the precipitate twice with 10 drops of 0.1M HCl, centrifuge and decant. Discard the wash solutions.

Add 15 drops of 4M NaOH and 4 drops of thioacetamide to the precipitate. Heat in a water bath for 5 min. Centrifuge and decant. Label the solution “As”. Analyze the precipitate which could be  either CuS or Bi2S3 or both.

Wash the precipitate with a mixture of 1 mL of water and 2 drops of NH4NO3, centrifuge and discard the wash solution. Add 15 drops of 6M HNO3 to the precipitate and heat in a water bath for 5 min. Stir constantly while heating. Note that free sulfur is formed. Centrifuge and discard the sulfur. Analyze the solution for copper and bismuth ions.

Test for Cu2+ and Bi3+: Make the solution basic with 15M aqueous NH3. A deep blue solution (depending on the copper ion concentration) due to complex ion, Cu(NH3)42+, proves the presence of copper ions. A white precipitate of Bi(OH)3 forms if bismuth ions are present. Centrifuge and discard the supernatant liquid. Wash the precipitate with 10 drops of hot water, centrifuge and discard the wash solutions. Add 3 drops of 6M NaOH and 2 drops of freshly prepared SnCl2 solution. A black precipitate of Bi proves the presence of bismuth ions.

Test for As3+: Acidify the As-labeled solution with 1M HCl. Heat in a water bath for several minutes. Centrifuge and discard the solution. A yellow residue could be As2S3. Add 12 drops of 4M NH3 and 6 drops of 3% H2O2 to the residue. Heat in a water bath for several min. Centrifuge and discard any residue which could be sulfur. Add 2 drops of 15M NH3 and 5 drops of magnesia mixture to the centrifuge. A white precipitate of MgNH4AsO4, which forms slowly, proves the presence of arsenic ions.

Identification of the Nickel-Aluminum group ions: Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+ and Al3+

Get 1 mL of the clear supernatant solution labeled with “Group III” from removing Group II ions and place in a clean test tube. Add 2 mL of 6M NaOH and mix thoroughly. The color of the precipitate could give an indication of which ions are present. Add a few drops of distilled water and heat in a boiling water bath for 2 min. Cool and centrifuge. Decant the supernatant liquid which may contain Al(OH)4- into a clean test tube and label with “Al”. Wash the precipitate twice with 4 mL portions of distilled water, centrifuge after each washing and discard the wash solution.

Add 1 mL 6M H2SO4 to the washed precipitate , mix and heat in a boiling water bath for several min. Remove the test tube and dilute the solution to 3 mL using distilled water. Cool and divide the solution into 3 equal portions in 3 clean test tubes.

Test for Ni2+: To the first portion, add 15M NH3 dropwise until basic. Centrifuge if a precipitate forms. Do not decant. Add 5 drops of HDMG to the supernatant solution. A cherry red precipitate of Hi(DMG)2 proves the presence of nickel ions.

Test for Co2+: To the second portion, add a small amount of solid NaF, stir. Add additional NaF with stirring until some of the solid remains at the bottom of the test tube. Add several crystals of NH4SCN. A blue complex of Co(SCN)42- proves the presence of cobalt ions.

Test for Fe3+: To the third portion, add a few drops of KSCN solution. A blood red color proves the presence of iron ions.

Test for Al3+: Slightly acidify the supernatant solution labeled with “Al” with 16M HNO3. Add 15M NH3 until the solution is basic. Stir the solution thoroughly. Centrifuge and decant. If aluminum is present a white gelatinous precipitate will be present. Wash the precipitate three times with 10 drops of hot water, centrifuge and decant after each wash. Discard the wash solutions. Add 5 drops of 3M CH3COOH to the precipitate. Stir to dissolve the precipitate, centrifuge and decant in a clean test tube. Discard any undissolved precipitate. Add 2 drops of aluminum reagent. Stir, then make slightly basic with 6M NH3. Mix and centrifuge. A red precipitate confirms the presence of aluminum ions.

Identification of NO3-

To 1 mL of the sample solution, add 3 mL of concentrated H2SO4 and mix. Let the test tube cool to room temperature. Hold the test tube in an incline position and pour down the inner side of the test tube several mL of FeSO4 solution so that there will be two distinct layers. The formation of a brown ring at the interface of the two liquids indicates the presence of the nitrate ions.

Analysis of an Unknown

Individual Pre-lab

1. The main goal/purpose of the experiment is (what are you trying to discover in this lab):

a. What  are the questions we need to answer with the results obtained from this experiment?

b. The hypothesis(es) we seek to test in this experiment is(are) (what is the basis of your experiment, see Ch.1 in your text):

a. What tests will be used to test for the presence of unknowns cations?

b. What tests will be used to test for the  presence of unknown anions?

b. The key question the experiment seeks to answer is (what problem are you addressing?)

(see 1 a):

c. The controls involved in this experiment are (a control is used to minimize the unintended influence of other variables on the same system)

3. What is the best way to insure that there are no false positives or that there is not contamination  or interference.?

4. The key concept(s) or theory(ies) behind the experiment is(are) (define terms like pure substance, mixture, sublimation, etc. can you explain the relevant theory):

a. How can selective precipitation be used to identify unknown ions?

b. The important technique(s) used in this experiment is(are) (sublimation, etc.)  Please describe:

c. What technique is used to separate precipitate from ions that remain dissolved in the solution?

d. What technique is used to treat precipitate or solution for presence of an unknown ion?

e. The experiment is based on the following assumptions (identify your assumptions and determine if they are justifiable):

5. Discuss the importance of selective participation.  

6. The data that will be collected in the experiment are (what do you plan to record in your notebook)

a. What results will be collected and recorded in your lab notebook?

b. The potential consequences of the experiment are:

c. What can be expected if positive results are obtained?

d. What might prevent positive results from being obtained?

7. The point of view behind the experiment is (make sure it’s scientific).

8. What is this experiment designed to measure?

9. What can the results NOT tell us about the experiment?

10. What special safety precautions do you need to be aware of for this experiment?

 

EXPERIMENT #1: ANALYSIS OF AN UNKNOWN COMPOUND

Group Experimental Design Pre-lab

 

Include a detailed procedure along with a flowchart drawn in PowerPoint to describe how your separation and tests for unknown ions will be conducted.   This procedure should be written stepwise with the initials of the student who is performing that step in the procedure.  Here is an example:

1. Weigh substance- AW (these are the initials of student performing task)

2. Get the volume of substance – EE

( 1 )

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Weather

/in /by

Assignment 4– Weather

 

Name:

myUH ID#

In this assignment you will investigate weather-based disasters in Houston and Galveston.

Assignment Rules:

· All answers must be in complete sentences and written in your own words to receive credit. Questions involving tables or screenshots do not need complete sentences.

· Screenshots/images need to be your own work.

· Due by 4/9, uploaded to Blackboard via Turnitin

Rules Acknowledgement:

1. Before beginning the assignment, acknowledge that you know the rules of the assignment as listed above. Type “I understand answers need to be written in my own words in full sentences with the exception of values in tables. I also know screenshots/images need to be my own” (3 pts)

Part 1: Hurricanes (40pts)

Head to this NOAA website: https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/. This site shows historical hurricane tracks and their intensities. Type Houston into the location box and select “Houston, Harris County, TX” and then set the search distance to 100 miles.

2. Using the category filters to complete this table about hurricane statistics (8pts):

Total number of storms (tropical storms to Cat 5)

Number of tropical storms  
Number of hurricanes  
Number of major hurricanes (Cat 3 to 5)  

Note: If a storm changed from one category to another within 100 mi, it only gets counted once.

3. Continuous records start in the year 1851, so there are 169 years on record. What is the recurrence interval of a storm (R) in each of these categories coming within 100 mi of Houston? (R = number of years on record/number of events) (8pts)

Any storm rated tropical storm to Cat 5  
A tropical storm  
A hurricane  
A major hurricane (Cat 3 to 5)  

 

4. What is the probability (P) each year that a storm in each of these categories can come within 100 mi of Houston? (P = (number of events in a category/number of years on record) x 100) (8pts)

Any storm rated tropical storm to Cat 5  
A tropical storm  
A hurricane  
A major hurricane (Cat 3 to 5)  

 

5. Now do the same to Miami, Fl. Type Miami into the location box on the home page and select “Miami, Miami-Dade County, FL”. Find the numbers of storms (#’s) and calculate the recurrence interval (R) and probability (P) for each. (12pts, 1pts each)

  #’s R P
Any storm rated tropical storm to Cat 5      
A tropical storm      
A hurricane      
A major hurricane (Cat 3 to 5)      

 

6. Describe any similarities and differences in the storm statistics between Houston and Miami. (4pts)

 

Part 2: The 1900 Galveston Hurricane (15pts)

Go to this NOAA website to read about the Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and answer the following questions: https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/galv_hurricane/welcome.html

7. What was the estimated windspeed and based on that, what was the category rating of this hurricane? (3pts)

 

8. What evidence did Galveston Weather Station Chief Isaac M. Cline use to issue a hurricane warning on September 8, one day before the hurricane hit? (3pts)

 

9. The storm surge from this hurricane is what caused the death and destruction. How high (in feet) was the storm surge of the hurricane compared to the highest elevation of Galveston? (3pts)

 

10. What two things did the city of Galveston do to help prevent this disaster from happening again? (3pts)

 

11. Did these actions taken help prevent or lessen disaster when another hurricane hit in 1915? (3pts)

 

Part 3: Severe weather in Harris County (42pts)

Now head to this website from NOAA: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/. This is an archive of weather events in the U.S. Select Texas as the state and hit search. Set the begin date to 1/1/1950 and the end date to 12/31/2019, select Harris County.

12. Set the event type to “tornado”.

a. How many tornadoes have been reported in Harris County over this 69-year period? (2pts)

 

b. How many days have tornadoes happened? (2pts)

 

c. Calculate how many days tornadoes touchdown in Harris County a year. (4pts)

 

13. Now set the event type to “lightning”. These are lightning strikes in Harris County, this record only goes back to 1996.

a. How many people have been killed and injured in Harris County due to lighting strikes? (2pts)

 

b. What do the deaths have in common with each other? You can click on the name of each event to see a description. (4pts)

 

c. How were 10 people injured by a lightning strike on 7/17/1997? (2pts)

 

14. Now set the event type to “heat” and look at the event on 9/21/2005

a. How many people were killed in Harris County? (2pts)

 

b. What was the average age of the people who were killed? (3pts)

 

c. Give a description of everything that was happening on this day. You will need to search for sources for more information. (3pts)

 

15. Download the “Houston Low Temps” Excel file. This is a record of the lowest temperature in Houston every year since 1921. Rank this 101-year record from lowest temperature to highest temperature with 1 being the lowest and 101 being highest. This time we are going to use the RANK function in Excel because we want years with the same lowest temperature to have the same ranking. For example, if a certain value has a rank of 3, and there are two instances of the value in the data, the RANK function will assign both instances a rank of 3. The next rank assigned will be 5, and no value will be assigned a rank of 4.

The syntax from the RANK function is RANK(number, ref, [order]) where number is the value you want to rank, ref is the list of values your comparing in the ranking, and order is whether you want to rank the highest value as 1st (0) or rank the highest value as your lowest rank (1). For the first temperature in our Excel file, we’ll use =RANK(B2, $B$2:$B$102, 1). Copy that formula for the entire dataset.

a. What is the ranking of 22? (3pts)

 

b. Now calculate the recurrence intervals for your data set. What is the recurrence interval for 20 in Houston? (3pts)

c. Create a scatterplot with recurrence interval on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis. Add the appropriate trendline and show its equation and r-squared value. Paste this graph and information below. (3pts)

[Paste Graph Here]

16. The lowest temperature recorded during the February 2021 winter storm was 13.

a. What is your calculated recurrence interval for 13? (3pts)

b. What is the recurrence interval for 13 based on the trendline equation from your graph in 15c? You’ll need to manipulate the equation like we did in assignment 2. Enter this equation in excel =exp((y-b)/m), where y is 13, b and are the parts from your line equation. (3pts)

c. What is the difference between what you calculated from the data set and what you calculated based on the trendline from the data? Do you think this is a large error? (3pts)

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Geology homework help

/in /by

Choose an American coastal area; such as Boston, The Everglades, Outer Banks, or Seattle. Research and discuss the types of impacts erosion has on the community. Research and discuss the special features of the coastline. The essay needs to be a least 250 words and sources cited in APA format. Save a Word doc.  **** Please no zip file

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Geology Week 1

/in /by

1. The Scientific Method

 

Please watch this short video on the Scientific Method and discuss any aspect that is unclear or you find interesting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVfI1wat2y8

Do you think all science discoveries have occurred in the logical, sequential, and/or linear manner presented in the Scientific Method? Can you think of or find any discoveries that occurred serendipitously? For assistance, search the web for science discoveries or the history of science. Document your findings by stating the web address and/or article/author/date. Choose credible sources only. Sorry, no penicillin, Velcro, or rubber, please. Everybody does those.

 

2. Bonding and Lattices

Please watch this YouTube presentation and post about one item you didn’t know about, need further help in understanding, or just interest you. Then respond to at least one of your classmates posts  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ8R2dtO3XI

 

 

3. Properties of Minerals

Please watch this YouTube presentation about minerals and post one or two items about things you didn’t know about minerals and you need further help in understanding. Then respond to your classmates posts by trying to help them understand. I will add clarification as necessary.  https://youtu.be/yjubWww5dI4

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

geology homework

/in /by

GLG 1101 – Property Hazard Assessment Instructions

Part 1

 

Our company, SCC Hazard Assessments Ltd., has been hired to provide environmental property assessment reports for clients who are considering relocation to another part of the country. Each team member will be researching the real or potential environmental hazards which may be associated with one of the properties that a client is considering. You will work to evaluate these individual properties and to provide a commercially viable report for our client. While I recognize that you are not professionally trained geologists, I expect a professional quality natural hazard analysis report that includes as much information as you are able to identify. Remember that this report is intended for a “client” who probably has less knowledge of geologic issues than you do. Be careful to frame the report in such a way that provides clear and concise information in a manner that is understandable for a general audience.

Property Assessment: Each student will produce a property assessment site report draft for the property chosen. The template to complete the site report draft is included in the module.

Some hints for researching your property / area:

1) Begin by putting your property address into Google Maps or Google Earth and finding its location. Look at both map view, satellite view and street view and enlarge and reduce your viewing area to get a general feel for the location and the types of hazards that may be a problem.

2) Type your property address into Google and investigate any information that may be available from realty websites. Many sites will have photos of the exterior of the home or of the views from the home that may help to illustrate the hazards associated with the property.

3) Find elevation and topographic information by looking at a topographic map of your location and the surrounding area. This website is very good (https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/ ) – you will want to look at the 7.5 minute map indices of the US Topo Maps. You will need to zoom in to see individual contour lines.

4) Use the keywords “hazard”, “geologic hazards” or “environmental hazards” along with the city or county where your property is located in your search engine to discover additional information about your property and the surrounding area.

5) Use specific hazard keywords along with your city, county or state name to find potential information (EX: Tampa sinkholes, Lake Jackson groundwater contamination, etc.)

6) Use keywords associated with specific hazards for your area and do an image search for any pictures or maps that might provide potential information or add clarity to your report. (EX: Seattle fault map, Gulf Coast hurricane map, San Francisco landfill map, etc.)

7) You can use the websites from other class assignments to do in-depth analysis on some of the properties. I will specifically be looking for detailed landslide potential for the Seattle properties and earthquake hazards for California Bay area properties.

8) Be specific about the distance of the property from any potential hazard area – the words “close” or “near” mean nothing to the client. You should use distance designations such as feet or miles to help client assess the relative hazard risk associated with the property. In Google Maps you can right click on your property and use the “Measure Distance” tool from the dropdown menu to find very specific distances to shorelines, landfills, etc.

9) Remember that you are NOT a realtor trying to “sell” this property. Limit the information on your site report to that information which is related to the environmental hazard potential of the site.

So much information is currently available on the internet that you should be able to find sufficient information to produce the requested report. Below are links to some websites that may help you get started.

General:

http://www.homefacts.com/ (EVERYONE should use this site as a starting point!!)

http://www.plotscan.com/

https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm

https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/research_education/katrina/landfall.gif

http://www.fema.gov/pdf/hazard/map/declarationsmap2000_07.pdf

http://www.floodtools.com/Map.aspx

https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home

http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/healthrisk/tools.html

https://geohazards.usgs.gov/

https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live

https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/

https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/katrina/understanding.html

http://www.wlox.com/story/14334147/louisiana-tops-list-of-states-most-at-risk-of-disaster-ms-is-5 (Note #10)

Texas:

http://texashelp.tamu.edu/004-natural/index.php

Alabama:

https://www.ogb.state.al.us/

California:

http://quake.abag.ca.gov/

http://myhazards.calema.ca.gov/

http://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/hazards

http://maps.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/lsi/ (you will need to zoom way in and look at the legend to interpret data)

Washington:

http://web1.seattle.gov/dpd/maps/dpdgis.aspx

http://seattlecitygis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=0489a95dad4e42148dbef571076f9b5b

https://paccrestinspections.com/expansive-soils/

 

Florida:

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/

http://maps.pascopa.com/

http://gis.hcpafl.org/subsidencesearch/#/nav/Search

http://www.moversatlas.com/floridasinkholes.php

https://ca.dep.state.fl.us/mapdirect/?focus=fgssinkholes

https://floridadep.gov/node/1677

http://www.floridadisaster.com/

North Carolina:

https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/energy-mineral-land-resources/north-carolina-geological-survey/geologic-hazards

http://disastercenter.com/northcar/northcar.htm

Oregon:

http://www.oregon.gov/lcd/haz/Pages/index.aspx

http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/hazvu/

http://www.opb.org/news/widget/aftershock-find-your-cascadia-earthquake-story/

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now

Geology homework help

/in /by

Choose an American coastal area; such as Boston, The Everglades, Outer Banks, or Seattle. Research and discuss the types of impacts erosion has on the community. Research and discuss the special features of the coastline. The essay needs to be a least 250 words and sources cited in APA format. Save a Word doc.  **** Please no zip file

Needs help with similar assignment?

We are available 24x7 to deliver the best services and assignment ready within 3-4 hours? Order a custom-written, plagiarism-free paper

Get Answer Over WhatsApp Order Paper Now