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There are a few ways of evaluating evidence and ensuring that evidence is appropriate for one’s research topics. It is important that when utilizing online resources that it is peer reviewed, not biased, up to dates and official and reviewed as credible sources.

Two different ways of evaluating evidence includes utilizing quantitative or qualitative research. There are two different types of research methods that use throughout research. Qualitative research focuses on “processes and meanings, patients’ perceptions and experience” (LCC Library, 2020). In qualitative research, it is involving “behaviors, subjective devices like interviews, drawings or journaling” (LCC Library, 2020). Quantitative research is more focused on “analyzing data, comparing metrics or data sets” (LCC Library, 2020). Quantitative research involves different “hypothesis and theories to be verified through data and fact finding” (LCC Library, 2020).

Quantitative data is answering numerical questions whereas qualitative data is describing and discovering subjective data. Both data are important, and they do both play roles in research and discovering evidence-based practices. I find that quantitative research assists with giving numbers and data behind specific research that relates or does not relate to our data. Qualitative data brings a different aspect of importance to research which is the subjective and personal feelings that are often needed throughout the research. Each research brings their own perspectives to research. I tend to like a mixture of both to have substantial and effective research and literature for my projects.

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Evaluating evidence is an important tool to have when researching topics of interest. Two types of research methods are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is based more on words and perceptions of people and explains the “why”, “what” and “how” of research (McCusker & Gunaydin 2015). Quantitative research is based on numbers and explaining the data from results collected about research topics. 

     Evidence can be collected from a group to be used as a case-control study or evidence can be conducted with the highest quality from systematic reviews. Systematic reviews are the “utilisation of strict methodological guidelines for the literature search, study screening (as well as critical appraisal of eligible studies matching pre-defined criteria), data extraction, and coding” (Bertolaccini & Spaggiari, 2020). These reviews are considered to be the most reliable resource for evaluating evidence. These reviews also have a clear set of objectives and assess the validity of each piece of evidence. Systematic reviews look at the assessment of a topic as well as an evaluation of nursing issues. Case-control studies are used to compare and contrast groups and they “are used to study incidence, causes, and prognosis” (Mann, n.d). These types of studies can be used to determine disease and the importance of different variables of a group. A weakness in case-control studies is the chance of bias from sampling methods; therefore one of the sampling methods needs to be used. The main purpose is to determine an outcome from a problem. Both methods can be used to evaluate evidence depending on the topic or issue that is being studied. Systematic reviews have a low chance of bias whereas case control studies have a higher chance.

Chapter 4—Ethical Issues

1. Compare and contract legal and ethical issues.

2. What determines how a person approaches and solves ethical dilemmas

3. Define moral indifference—provide an example

4. Define moral uncertainty—provide an example from your own healthcare experience

5. Moral distress—provide an example from your own health care experiences

6. What is an ethical dilemma? Give an example

7. Describe deontological approach to ethical decision making? What does this mean?

8. Describe a teleological approach to ethical decision making? What does this mean?

9. Compare and contrast the 4 different frameworks for ethical decision making

10. What is autonomy—give an example from your experience

11. Define the following terms—how have you used/understood these principles in your nursing practice?

12. Beneficence

13. Paternalism

14. Utility

15. Justice

16. Veracity

17. Fidelity

18. Confidentiality

19. What is the MORAL decision-making model—how does this work?

20. Name important strategies to promote ethical behavior in healthcare.

Chapter 5—Legal and Legislative Issues

1. Define civil law and what is involved in civil cases

2. What are the reasons that nurses are at increased risk for legal liability in nursing practice?

3. What does the term Standard of Care mean in nursing? Why is this so important?

4. Define malpractice and the term professional negligence (the 5 criteria needed to fulfill this definition)….provide examples of each criteria to deepen your understanding

5. What does the term “under ordinary circumstances” means as it relates to professional negligence?

6. Define these legal terms that are pertinent to nursing practice—be sure you can relate these term to nursing practice

1. Stare decisis

2. Liability

3. tort

4. respondeat superior

5. vicarious liability

6. product liability

7. res ipsa loquitur

7. Define intentional torts and give as many examples as you can related to nursing practice

8. What are some common reasons nurses are sued (claims filed against them)

9. BON—Board of Nursing—what is their responsibility to the public?

10. Define the Nurse Practice Act and its role in your ability to practice nursing?

11. Define, compare and contrast the three forms of consent:

1. Informed consent

2. Implied consent

3. Express consent

12. What is HIPAA and what is its importance to healthcare/your nursing practice?

13. What are the parameters of Good Samaritan Immunity?

14. Describe the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) of 1991 and how it changed healthcare

15. List the common causes of nursing license revocation

 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is the primary federal agency for improving access to healthcare by strengthening the healthcare workforce, building healthy communities, and achieving health equity. 

Integrated care involves a team of primary care, dental, and behavioral health practitioners working together using a systematic, cost-effective approach to patient care.

After the reading the following HRSA Report:

https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/hrsa/advisory-committees/primarycare-dentist/reports/actpcmd-14-report.pdf

Discuss what are the 4 main recommendations given on this report and the rationales for each one.

Discuss at least 3 regulations impose in APRN in the state of Florida and would you like to change the process.

Review the following websites: https://www.ncsbn.org/Consensus_Model_for_APRN_Regulation_July_2008.pdf

American Association of Nurse Practitioners “Standards of Practice”

https://storage.aanp.org/www/documents/advocacy/position-papers/StandardsOfPractice.pdf