Ethics and Healthcare Information Technology

 

Having examined health information technology, it is important to also be thinking about the related ethical implications of these innovations.  

To begin this discussion, let’s first make a distinction between morality and ethics.

When we talk about morality, we are talking about our beliefs in right and wrong. So for example, most of us believe it is morally right to give everyone a fair chance and it is wrong to discriminate based on race, ethnicity, or gender.

But while ethics also deals in the realm of right and wrong, it doesn’t really come up until I am asked precisely WHY I think it is morally right to be fair.

In other words, whereas morality is all about right and wrong, ethics is all about the underlying logical reasons why we should act in a certain way.

Or:  Ethics is the thinking behind our morality that gives us the solid REASONS for believing our behavior is morally right.  

So, with that distinction in mind, this week’s discussion is asking us to do more than simply state our feelings about the rights and wrongs of healthcare technology. Rather – We need to be looking at the underlying ethical reasons for WHY we think that way.

As an example, consider the whole issue of personal privacy and then ask whether the Government has the right to collect health-related information about each of us through a special ID number issued at birth?

Off the top of your head, what do you think:  Yes or no?

Your answer to that question reflects your moral sense about the rights of the individual versus the rights of the government as a representative of the larger society.  

But now, let’s look at the “ethics” of your answer. To do that, you must explain WHY you have come to your particular judgment about the relative rights of the individual, the government, and the society as a whole.

Saying such things as “Because I think so,” or “Because it’s obvious,” and “Because I don’t like the government mucking around with my personal information” are all insufficient answers. We need to dig much deeper to actually explain WHY we think that the centralized collection of health data by the government is an ethically good or bad idea.

So how do we do that?

To start, we need to develop some basic rules of ethical thinking.

The good news is that a lot of really thoughtful people have already done a lot of work on developing these rules AND they had the good graces to write them down for us to read.

The most general rules for ethical thinking in health are called “Clinical Ethics.” There are four basic principles or pillars of clinical ethics that you can learn about here: Clinical Ethics.

A more specific set of ethical principles designed just for healthcare managers has been developed by the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE). You can read about the specific ethics governing our profession here: ACHE Ethics.

After reading both sets of ethical principles, let’s now revisit the question about government collection of health information by identifying why we think it is right or wrong BASED ON CLINCIAL ETHICS AND THE ETHICAL CODE OF OUR PROFESSION. In other words, why do we think it is right or wrong based on the application of clinical and ACHE ethics to this situation?

So that’s what this week’s discussion is all about – an ethical discussion about health information technology.

Let’s discuss two ethical questions.

First, let’s continue our thinking about the government’s right to healthcare information. More specifically, does the government have the right to assign each person born in the US a unique health identifier and then collect and store all your personal health information in a centralized data base? To help your thinking, consider how useful such a data base could be in determining the effectiveness of different clinical techniques, controlling epidemics, and strategic planning to best meet a community’s healthcare needs. On the other hand, are such benefits outweighed by the risk that such personal information might be misused to discriminate against people who might have cancer, HIV/AIDS, or a genetic disposition towards extremely high cost illnesses?

After that, let’s shake the government out of our heads, and think about a very different type of ethical issue – Mobile apps.

Apple has included a health app with its most recent iPhone and operating system update. This means that in the not too distant future, anyone with an iPhone will have the ability to monitor basic vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate.

What if someone buys an iPhone in Nepal or Sierra Leone, finds out they have dangerously high blood pressure, but does not have access to medical treatment? Does Apple have an ethical responsibility to help arrange treatment to that person? And further – since we now know about such a person, do we also have an ethical responsibility to help provide treatment ourselves? Or – are we are on ethically sound ground to stand back and just let that person die? 

 

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nursing

 

The Lab Assignment

• Choose one skin condition graphic (identify by number in your Chief Complaint) to document your assignment in the SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan) note format rather than the traditional narrative style. Refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text and the Comprehensive SOAP Template in this week’s Learning Resources for guidance. Remember that not all comprehensive SOAP data are included in every patient case.

• Use clinical terminologies to explain the physical characteristics featured in the graphic. Formulate a differential diagnosis of three to five possible conditions for the skin graphic that you chose. Determine which is most likely to be the correct diagnosis and explain your reasoning using at least three different references, one reference from current evidence-based literature from your search and two different references from this week’s Learning Resources.

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300 words

Question: Some students prefer classes with frequent discussions between the teacher and the students with almost no lectures. Other students prefer classes with many lectures and almost no discussions. Which one do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

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negligence and malpractice

Topic: Negligence and Medical Malpractice

Reply prompt: Respond to threads posted by your classmates who reached a different conclusion than you did. Identify the points of difference in your analyses and explain how your sources and analysis led you to your conclusion.

The reply assignment asks you to respond to classmates who reached a different conclusion than you did. As often happens on this case, most of the initial threads agree on an overall finding of liability. If you look more closely, however, you will see differences among your threads.

Issues to examine as you write your replies:

  • Look for differences in your analyses, how you reached your conclusions, etc.
  • Where does liability lie? (just the doctor, just the hospital, other caregivers, some combination, etc.) Each entity that you are holding liable must meet all four of the elements.
  • Is the hospital only vicariously liable through respondeat superior for employee negligence, or is it also directly liable for its own actions?
  • If the hospital is liable through respondeat superior for the negligence of its employees, should it seek indemnification (reimbursement) from those employees for money it has to pay the Smiths for the employees’ negligence?
  • How far does liability extend?
  • liability for the initial staph infection is somewhat straight-forward, but was the autoimmune impact a reasonably foreseeable outcome from a breach (failure to change gloves, etc.)
  • i.e., is there proximate/legal cause as well as factual cause for all of the injuries?

You might also consider options for the various parties at this point, including ADR, Biblical dispute resolution models, etc. 450 words . atleast 3 peer reviewed sources in APA format

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Nursing

Answer reflection question using APA format. use readability statistics of their writing for each of one-page reflection. 

Address the following reflection prompts:

Conduct a literature search in the CINAHL data base using the search terms “nursing students” and “evidence-based practice”.  Select a full text article to read and provide a summary of the article that describes how you can this information as a future professional nurse. 

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2 replies

Reply 1

Clinical nurse leaders play an important role in managing quality measures and setting policy thus involves dealing with fiscal responsibility and being answerable for the overall quality of patient care delivery, patient satisfaction and organization outcomes (McBride, 2019). Nonetheless, CNL role is coordinated to collaborate work with other professional teams. Education requirement for nurse leaders based on practice skills. In masters nurses get to improve care, quality and safety of patients, team working is highly encouraged in leadership.

A good leader should have the following trait; integrity, critical thinking, communication skills. Integrity is central in making a nurse leader (McBride, 2019). Integrity help nurses to make sound decisions regarding patients’ treatment plans and safety (Harris, Roussel & Thomas, 2016). Furthermore, effective leadership in nursing practice requires high level of integrity. Due to increased multidisciplinary collaboration, critical thinking skill is very important. Interdisciplinary alliance makes critical thinking an important skill for nurse leaders. Moreover, communication in leadership is key since it helps promote team spirit or teamwork translating to better care outcome.

References

McBride, A. B. (Ed.). (2019). The growth and development of nurse leaders. Springer Publishing Company.

Harris, J. L., Roussel, L. A., & Thomas, T. (2016). Initiating and sustaining the clinical nurse leader role. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

reply 2

According to Dwight Eisenhower as quoted by Mind tool blog (n d) leadership is defined as the art of bringing another person to do something that you want done because he/she wants to do it. Nurses occupy different leadership positions in the healthcare industry and I want to discuss about Nurse Managers. Nurse managers are typically Advanced Practice Nurses who has at least BSN but many hospitals require completion of Master’s degree or current enrollment in a Master’s program, also some nurse managers find it helpful to obtain Masters in Business Administration (MBA). Nurse managers are also called Nurse Administrators (Nurse org, 2020)

Essential responsibilities of a nurse managers include administrative meetings, working with new employees, serving in different committees throughout the hospital, interviewing and hiring of new nurses, acting as a liaison between hospital management and employees, collaborating with medical employees, managing unit budget, handling of disciplinary actions to those who have erred, ensuring that the mission of the hospital is maintained by the employees, set work schedules, oversee patient care, etc.(nurse org, 2020)

Leadership traits are those personal traits needed to be successful as a nurse manager include, advocacy, to speak up for her employees and the patients, should be able to participate in patients care and also in management meetings, he/she should be supportive of her staff and should also be mature in her judgement, strong communication skill is a trait that a nurse manager should possess, he/she should be able to communicate the hospital decision to her employees and also communicate her employee’s concerns to the hospital management (Duquesne, blog, 2017). The leadership style that I feel will make the nurse manager to succeed in his/her job Is the transformational style. Transformational leadership is a leadership style that can inspire positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic, and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process; they are also focused on ensuring that every nurse under her car becomes the best nurse they can ever be and also be successful in their nursing career. (Cherry, 2020). In order to succeed, a nurse leader should have qualities like listening, flexibility, organized. Be a problem solver, leadership skill, analytical ability, empathetic, confidence, decisiveness, confidence, etc. (nurse org, 2020)

                                                                                    References

Cherry, K. (2020) Transformational leadership. Very well mind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-transformational-leadership-2795313

Duquesne University blog, (2017) Nurse manager: leading the Nurse profession into the future. Retrieved from https://onlinenursing.duq.edu/blog/roles-nurse-manager-leading-nursing-profession-future/#:~:text=Nurse%20managers%20are%20responsible%20for,and%20make%20decisions%20about%20personnel.

Nurse.org (2020) Nurse manager. Retrieved from https://nurse.org/resources/nurse-manager/

Mindtool (n d). What is leadership. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm

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2 replies

Reply 1

Nurse leaders are essential and make a big impact in the health care system. Leadership in nursing impact changes within the nursing practice and improve patient outcomes. A Clinical Nurse Leader or CNL is a leadership role that nurses be in the field. The American Association of Colleges (AACN) of Nursing defined a CNL as a master’s educated nurse, prepared for practice across the continuum of care within any healthcare setting.

The AACN mentioned that the Clinical Nurse Leader focuses on the following:

  • Care Coordination
  • Outcomes Measurement
  • Transitions of Care
  • Interprofessional Communication and Team Leadership
  • Risk Assessment
  • Implementation of Best Practices Based on Evidence
  • Quality Improvement

To be effective in a leadership role, a Clinical Nurse Leader should be able to demonstrate the traits and qualities to be successful. A CNL would be successful in a democratic style of leadership. Some characteristics that democratic leaders have include competence, fairness, creativity, honesty, courage, and intelligence. They make decisions based on their morals and values, followers tend to feel inspired to take action and contribute to the group (Cherry, 2020).

Cherry, K. (2020). Is Democratic Leadership the Best Style of Leadership? Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-democratic-leadership-2795315

Clinical Nurse Leader. (n.d.). Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.aacnnursing.org/CNL

reply2

Clinical nurse leaders are nurses who are appointed to oversee the staff of each shift. They typically hold a BSN, but in some cases do not and fill the role without the title and pay. A CL is a charge nurse and runs the unit and all of its responsibilities, they support and advocate for the nurses and staff on board that shift, they listen to the problems and complaints and do their best to fix them. “When employees feel supported and cared for, they are more likely to feel valued and have a desire to stay in their position (Mosadeghrad & Ferdosi, 2013). Just as the values and behaviors of organizations originate with its leadership, influential leaders can be relied upon for their professional responsibility and accountability (Azaare & Grosse, 2011). “ (Whitney, 20218). This is something that happens when someone feels appreciated, valued and respected.

A good leader has the above qualities and is trusted by others in times of need, support and help. A CL has roles to fill in their position and a multitude of tasks to complete all while ensuring the staff is able to complete their duties while being safe and protected. Good communication also is key and helps a leader get through to others to ensure a shift runs smoothly.

Reference:

Whitney, S. (2018). Trends in Health Care: A Nursing Perspective. [online].

https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs440vn/trends-in-health-care-a-nursing-perspective/v1.1/#/chapter/5

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2 replies

Reply1

The influence of leadership can be far-reaching in practice and improving patient outcomes even when not in a formal role. Describe advocacy strategies that you can use as a leader to create positive change in your current workplace. In response to peers, describe a time when you provided leadership and the outcome. Was there anything that you would do differently?

A leader can use some strategies such as analyzing the work capacity in the floor to keep the nurse-patient ratio within the safety range to prevent medical errors and patients care issues, empower nurses, being proactive leaders helping nurses who are overwhelmed for the assignment, ensure that nurses have the supplies to provide patient care, communicate with doctors to ensure patients with change of condition are evaluate and treat before their condition gets worse, empower organizational values and beliefs to ensure patient safety and team work.

I am the clinical unit supervisor at the hospital where I work. I have the responsibility to ensure a smooth and safe work environment. Being a leader involves the capacity to communicate openly and with respect, seeing everybody as equal, support nurses to be able to provide safe excellent care. Lead with optimism. Create a positive and healthy work environment. Be visible and available to others. Foster interpersonal and organizational trust.Cultivate relationships with others. Set goals and provide feedback when necessary. Produce meaningful work. Encourage autonomy and individual growth. Communicate and be transparent. Use powerful but simple strategies to keep others engaged (Clark, 2018).

Reference:

Clark, C. (2018). 10 tips to boost employee engagement. American Nurse Today, 13(1), 12-14. Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/10-tips-boost-employee-engagement/

reply2

 Every nurse is a leader in her/his own right. Our impact on the patient outcome is unquestionable. Along with effective patient outcome we are also responsible for the advocacy of our profession and making it a better workforce. Health care is reforming and nurses will benefit in future from it but nurses presently are the ones who deal with work stress. Hence to see any advancement in reforms, we need to advocate for our profession (Tomajan, 2012). Advocacy skills can be defined as “The ability to successfully support a cause or interest on one’s own behalf or that of another requires a set of skills that include problem solving, communication, influence, and collaboration” (Tomajan, 2012, para. 7). I can be an active player in solving problems by listening to my team members concerns and suggesting solutions that are acceptable and beneficial to all. Working towards the implementation of those changes is also a way of giving back to profession and improving workplace environment. By taking part in shared governance is another way I can advocate to create a positive change in my workplace.

Being a proactive nurse in itself is a being a leader who is willing to bring about positive changes in the system and its people. This would mean looking at the problem from different angles, collecting data to support it, using latest technology to maximize resources, taking everyone’s opinion into consideration and working towards a solution that is acceptable and aims at achieving common goal. Empowering my team members and coworkers is another way to improve the workplace dynamics. This would give a sense of power and confidence to each member and tap the talent and innovation that is in each one of us. It would also boost the sense of responsibility and accountability in each member. Team dynamics would show positive change with this and result in better care and better work environment.

Reference

Tomajan, K. (2012). Advocating for nurses and nursing. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17. Retrieved from http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-17-2012/No1-Jan-2012/Advocating-for-Nurses.html

Whitney, S. (2018). Every nurse is a leader. In Trends in health care: A nursing perspective. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs440vn/trends-in-health-care-a-nursing-perspective/v1.1/#/chapter/5

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Assignment – Application of Concepts from Caring Science (Watson’s Caring Theory as a guide for practice).

Assignment – Application of Concepts from Caring SciencePoints: 300 | Due Date: Week 4, Day 7 | CLO: 3, 4 | Grade Category: Assignments

Assignment Prompt

Summary: A theory can be used to guide practice.  This assignment is an exercise in supporting a clinical practice with theory and evidence.

Directions: Identify an outcome of nursing practice in your area of practice that can be improved.  For example, if you work in home health, you may identify that throw rug use by fall risk patients is too prevalent.  You may be able to use the problem that inspired the theory concepts that you developed in week two. Identify the concept in Watson’s Theory of Caring that could represent or include the outcome.  In our example, the outcome would be the changes in self through the change in the patient’s floor covering practice. Identify a practice that can be changed or implemented that may influence the outcome. Identify the concept in Watson’s Theory of Caring that includes the practice.  In our example, the practice could be to improve the understanding of fall hazards through the engagement in a teaching-learning experience, one of Watson’s Caritas Processes. Identify exactly how these two concepts will be measured with their operational definitions. Develop a proposition between the two. Present your outcome in an APA formatted paper  meeting the University’s standards for a written assignment.

Expectations

  • Due: Monday, 11:59 pm PT
  • Length: 5 to 7 pages including title and reference pages
  • References: 3 to 10.  There should be enough to support the links between the concepts of the problem and the concepts of Watson’s Theory of Caring.

See USU NUR Research Paper Rubric for additional details and point weighting.

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WEEK 3 Discussion Prompt 1 PHARMACOLOGY

 
Discuss the practice patterns for controlling dyslipidemia, the expected health outcomes, and the outcomes for different populations. 

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