Week 2: Humanistic/Existential Theories

 

Introduction

 

Consider your thoughts about the following statements:

 

·         People are generally good, trustworthy, productive, and able to make positive changes.

 

·         The responsibility for change and growth lies with the client.

 

·         We should focus on the “here and now,” not so much on the “then and there.”

 

These statements reflect humanistic and existential theories developed by theorists such as Carl Rogers, Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Fritz Perlz. This week, you explore the key components of humanistic and existential theories. You are also introduced to Deidre, a client depicted in media throughout several weeks of this course. Each week that Deidre’s case is presented, you will use theories to propose effective interventions that could help her to reach her goals.

 

 

Students will: Apply humanistic/existential interventions

 

·         Evaluate humanistic/existential theories

 

 

 

·         Apply concepts related to humanistic/existential theories

 

Please proceed to the Resources.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Week 2 Discussion

 

 

 

Applying Humanistic and Existential Theories

 

A common element of this week’s theories is the focus on client emotion. The central tenet of these theories is that clients are at the center of the counseling process. When counselors use these approaches, they ask clients to not only assess their emotions, but also how they perceive these emotions to influence their lives.

 

During this process, counselors who often use humanistic and existential approaches partner alongside the client as a nonjudgmental ally, prompting the clients to reconnect with themselves and increase their own self-awareness. Theorists in these paradigms believe that it is not the interpretation of the counselor that helps clients, but rather the interpretation of the clients themselves. In fact, prominent humanistic and existential theorists cast aside the dominant, all-knowing presence of the counselor illustrated by some behavioral and psychoanalytic approaches.

 

In this Discussion, you consider how each of this week’s theories, existential, person-centered, and Gestalt, provides a different counseling approach. You also reflect upon how theoretical approaches influence the interventions that you might employ with your case study client, Deidre. Before watching the Deidre media, review this week’s Learning Resources to review how the Capuzzi and Gross text used each theoretical approach with the client in “The Case of Maria.”

 

Posting Directions: In the subject line of your post, use the following title format: “Title of Discussion: The theory you selected for this Discussion.” Your initial post must be at least 200 words in length.

 

Post by Day 3 a brief description of the humanistic or existential theory you selected. Then, based on this theoretical approach, describe two interventions you could employ with Deidre and explain why. Finally, explain how each of these interventions would help Deidre move toward her goals.

 

DUE BY 12/9/15 @ 5PM Eastern Standard Time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Week 2 Learning Resources

 

This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources.

 

 

Readings

 

·    Capuzzi, D., & Gross, D. R. (Ed.). (2011). Counseling and psychotherapy: Theories and interventions (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

 

o    Chapter 6, “Existential Theory” (pp. 119–142)

 

o    Chapter 7, “Person-Centered Theory” (pp. 143–166)

 

o    Chapter 8, “Gestalt Theory” (pp. 167–191)

 

Media

 

·         Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Deidre [Multimedia]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Note: Please click on the following link for the transcript: Transcript (PDF)

 

 

·         Association for the Advancement of Gestalt Therapy. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aagt.org/

 

·         Association for the Development of the Person Centered Approach. (2011).  Retrieved fromhttp://www.adpca.org/

 

·         Association for Humanistic Psychology. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ahpweb.org/

 

·         Existential-Humanistic Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehinstitute.org/

 

·         World Association for Person Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.pce-world.org/

 

Please proceed to the Discussion.Return to top

 

 

 

THIS IS A QUIZ DUE BY 12/12/15@ 5pm EASTERN STANDARD TIME

 

 

 

QUESTION 1

 

1.      In order to be genuine, counselors:

 

[removed]	a.	Have to practice using a “poker face”
[removed]	b.	Have to know themselves
[removed]	c.	Must use reflections of feeling
[removed]	d.	Should avoid analysis of transference

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 2

 

1.       Heidegger’s notions of choice, that each choice one makes represents the loss of an alternative, includes all of the following except:

 

[removed]	a.	The past becomes important in terms of lost opportunities.
[removed]	b.	Future choices are limited due to past choices and the time remaining to fulfill them.
[removed]	c.	We have the freedom to choose but must balance this with responsibility.
[removed]	d.	Some choices are irrational and we need to train ourselves not to make them with rewards and punishments.

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 3

 

1.      Consider a client who feels that he is unlikable by others in his life. When the counseling discussion turns to how likeable the client is to the counselor or therapist, this is an example of:

 

[removed]	a.	Distracting the client
[removed]	b.	Empathic understanding
[removed]	c.	Immediacy
[removed]	d.	Self-actualization

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 4

 

1.       The three people credited for the development of Gestalt therapy are:

 

[removed]	a.	Perls, Burber, and Nitche
[removed]	b.	Perls, Perls, and Goodman
[removed]	c.	Rogers, Glassman, and Goodman
[removed]	d.	Perls, Kohler, and Koffka

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 5

 

1.      As a person becomes more congruent, which of the following changes is most likely to be seen?

 

[removed]	a.	Elimination of negative thoughts
[removed]	b.	Eradication of problem behaviors
[removed]	c.	Greater self-empowerment
[removed]	d.	Success in a failing relationship

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 6

 

1.       All of the following are existential philosophers except:

 

[removed]	a.	Sartre
[removed]	b.	Heidegger
[removed]	c.	Tillich
[removed]	d.	Bion

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 7

 

1.      Accurate _______ means that the counselor is able to both understand the client’s words, feelings, and perceptions of the world and communicate that understanding successfully.

 

[removed]	a.	empathy
[removed]	b.	congruence
[removed]	c.	unconditional positive regard
[removed]	d.	genuineness

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 8

 

1.       In existential counseling, the client is

 

[removed]	a.	An existential partner with the counselor
[removed]	b.	A student learning from a teacher
[removed]	c.	Analyzed by the counselor
[removed]	d.	None of the above

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 9

 

1.       Which of the following is descriptive of what “closure” means in existential counseling?

 

[removed]	a.	Facing the end of the helping relationship is the final confrontation with reality.
[removed]	b.	It means stopping therapy at the end of the semester at a counseling center.
[removed]	c.	It is when counselors close out all of their files.
[removed]	d.	It is a relatively unimportant part of counseling.

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 10

 

1.      According to person-centered theory, for someone to be continuously believed and trusted by a client they must:

 

[removed]	a.	years of professional experience
[removed]	b.	be genuine
[removed]	c.	know the right questions to ask
[removed]	d.	not make mistakes

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 11

 

1.      A criticism of person-centered counseling or therapy is:

 

[removed]	a.	Its deterministic stance
[removed]	b.	Rigid steps in the counseling or therapy process
[removed]	c.	Too few specifics regarding actions for the new counselor or therapist
[removed]	d.	Overly confrontational

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 12

 

1.      Perls:

 

[removed]	a.	Had a passionate belief in the holistic nature of humankind
[removed]	b.	Believed that human beings had the capacity and strength to grow, develop, and to become the persons that they desired
[removed]	c.	Asked clients to focus on why they behaved in certain ways
[removed]	d.	Both “a” and “b” above

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 13

 

1.      The word Gestalt is a German term that means:

 

[removed]	a.	Counselor/client working alliance
[removed]	b.	Existential anxiety
[removed]	c.	The integration of parts into a perceptual whole
[removed]	d.	The phenomenological field

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 14

 

1.      Active listening includes which of the following?

 

[removed]	a.	Making good eye contact
[removed]	b.	Leaning toward the client
[removed]	c.	Facing the client
[removed]	d.	All of the above

 

2 points   

 

QUESTION 15

 

1.      The study of human experience through attending to the subjective observations of individuals is:

 

[removed]	a.	Retroflection
[removed]	b.	Empty chair
[removed]	c.	Boundary disturbance
[removed]	d.	Phenomenology

 

2 points   

 

 

QUESTION 16

 

1.      The most important factor in the therapeutic alliance is the:

 

[removed]	a.	Quality and nature of the relationship between counselor or therapist and client
[removed]	b.	Counselor’s or therapist’s skills
[removed]	c.	Client’s willingness to work hard
[removed]	d.	Depth of the problems being experienced

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 17

 

1.       A phenomenological perspective:

 

[removed]	a.	Describes the concept that all persons view the world in a similar manner
[removed]	b.	Describes the concept that all persons have a unique perspective
[removed]	c.	Describes the concept of the “I-Thou” relationship
[removed]	d.	None of the above

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 18

 

1.       Which of the following is not one of the three approaches to existential counseling?

 

[removed]	a.	Dynamic existentialism
[removed]	b.	Humanistic existentialism
[removed]	c.	Cognitive/behavioral existentialism
[removed]	d.	Transpersonal existentialism

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 19

 

1.       Which of the following is not a goal of existential counseling:

 

[removed]	a.	Confronting anxieties about the givens of existence
[removed]	b.	Developing meaning from everyday life
[removed]	c.	Confronting irrational thoughts that lead to difficult emotions
[removed]	d.	Developing inner strength

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 20

 

1.      One of the views that Gestalt theory holds regarding the individual is that he or she is:

 

[removed]	a.	Fully responsible for his/her behavior
[removed]	b.	Shaped by forces in the environment
[removed]	c.	Motivated by unconscious drives
[removed]	d.	Not able to become aware of himself or herself in the here and now

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 21

 

1.      The founder of person-centered counseling is:

 

[removed]	a.	Carl Rogers
[removed]	b.	Victor Frankl
[removed]	c.	Fritz Perls
[removed]	d.	Rollo May

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 22

 

1.       Which of the following are major constructs of existentialism?

 

[removed]	a.	Death
[removed]	b.	Freedom
[removed]	c.	Isolation
[removed]	d.	All of the above

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 23

 

1.      Which statement is most descriptive of Buber’s “I-Thou ” relationship?

 

[removed]	a.	People speak about others, but seldom to them.
[removed]	b.	This relationship embodies a holy respect for the other person.
[removed]	c.	This relationship has little meaning, because there is little sense of self.
[removed]	d.	It shows a relationship that is condescending and not respectful.

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 24

 

1.      Awareness is the key to Gestalt therapy. Through awareness, the organism/person naturally proceeds toward:

 

[removed]	a.	Growth
[removed]	b.	Integration
[removed]	c.	Differentiated unity
[removed]	d.	All of the above

 

2 points

 

QUESTION 25

 

1.      Change during Gestalt counseling and psychotherapy comes about as clients become more aware of themselves through:

 

[removed]	a.	Using a continuum of awareness focused on how, what, and where
[removed]	b.	Using questions rather than statements
[removed]	c.	Using the third-person pronoun “they”
[removed]	d.	Addressing others indirectly

 

2 points

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1a) Humanistic psychology has a rich history and tradition of arguing for the human experience as the essence of understanding human behavior. This basis for understanding is divergent from the views in cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Based on your readings, what do you believe is the place of humanistic psychology as a movement within the discipline of psychology? Explain. What observations can you offer about the movement’s credibility among members of the psychological community? What has contributed to how humanistic psychology is perceived within the larger discipline? Explain.

1b) What were the most significant theoretical understandings of the human condition identified by the humanistic movement of psychology in the United States? Who were the primary standard bearers of these theories? Why were these theories significant in the advancement of the humanistic movement?

RESOURCES
1. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice
Chapters 1 and 2.
Kriz, J., & Langle, A. (2012). A European perspective on the position papers. Psychotherapy, 49(4), 475–479.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2012-31572-013&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2. A Reconceptualization of the Self in Humanistic Psychology: Heidegger, Foucault and the Sociocultural Turn
McDonald, M., & Wearing, S. (2013). A reconceptualization of the self in humanistic psychology: Heidegger, Foucault and the sociocultural turn. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 44(1), 37–59
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=88056632&site=ehost-live&scope=site

3. Mindfulness at the Heart of Existential-Phenomenology and Humanistic Psychology: A Century of Contemplation and Elaboration
Felder, A. J., Aten, H. M., Neudeck, J. A., Shiomi-Chen, J., & Robbins, B. D. (2014). Mindfulness at the heart of existential-phenomenology and humanistic psychology: A century of contemplation and elaboration. Humanistic Psychologist, 42(1), 6–23.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94939877&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2a) What were the main tenets that leaders of the Humanistic Psychology Movement presented to the American Psychological Association in order to justify becoming its own Division? Why might these tenets have been chosen as significant to the justification of a separate division?

2b) The First Old Saybrook Conference (1964) was a significant event in the history of psychology. Attendees such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Gordon Allport represented several major schools of thought in the budding humanistic psychology movement. What did Maslow, Rogers, May, and Allport express as necessary components of the Humanistic Psychology Movement? In what ways did the schools of thought expressed by these conference attendees contribute to humanistic psychology’s place in America? Explain.

RESOURCES
1. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice
Chapters 5-8.

3a) Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of the individual experience in the understanding of human behavior. Which theorists do you believe were most instrumental in establishing this tenet of the movement? Why?

3b) It could be argued that to understand both death and afterlife presence, one must first be mindful of physical presence in the world. Briefly contrast a Christian worldview perspective on both mindfulness of physical presence in the world and afterlife presence with the perspective of another worldview on these topics. Which of these resonates most closely with you? Why?

RESOURCES

2. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice Read Chapters 35 and 42.

e-Library Resource

1. Spirituality: A Glowing and Useful Term in Search of a Meaning

Bregman, L. (2006). Spirituality: A glowing and useful term in search of a meaning. Omega, 53(1/2), 5–26.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=21808441&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2. The Psychology of Life Stories

McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 100–122.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2001-06545-002&site=ehost-live&scope=site

4a) Phenomenology is a qualitative approach to understanding the lived experience of the individual. Consider who you understand to be the primary contributors to phenomenological psychology (as opposed to philosophy). What do you see as the primary differences and similarities among those theorists? Explain. What do you believe are the most significant challenges and benefits of employing a phenomenological approach in psychological research? Explain.

4b) Quantitative research methods in psychology are based on the research methods used in the natural sciences disciplines to produce empirical research. Dr. Amedeo Giorgi, the founder of the descriptive phenomenological psychology method, asserts that this qualitative method can be used to arrive at empirical results related to understanding human experience. How does Dr. Giorgi’s method compare to quantitative research methodologies? Explain. From your vantage point, does his approach to qualitative research yield empirical evidence in understanding the human condition? Why or why not?

RESOURCES

Textbook

1. The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice

Read Chapters 19 and 20.

http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/sage/2014/the-handbook-of-humanistic-psychology_theory-research-and-practice_ebook_2e.php

Electronic Resource

1. Phenomenology

View:
Flipp, C. (2014, February 12). Phenomenology [Video].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uNp7okdc-E

2. Qualitative Analysis of Interview Data: A Step-By-Step Guide

View:

Lofgren, K. (2013, May 19). Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide [Video].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRL4PF2u9XA

e-Library Resource

1. A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated

Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 1-26.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=13359031&site=ehost-live&scope=site

2. The Interview: Data Collection in Descriptive Phenomenological Human Scientific Research

Englander, M. (2012). The interview: Data collection in descriptive phenomenological human scientific research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(1), 13–35.

https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=75005

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Question

Question 1

Dr. Jakel is a psychologist who studies basic topics in psychology, such as learning, memory, sensation, and perception. Dr. Jakel’s area of specialization is:

A. biological

B. experimental

C. personality

D. clinical

Question 2

Joanna has suffered a series of personal setbacks, including the death of a family member, academic problems in college, and a divorce. She feels so sad, upset, and lonely that she is contemplating suicide. Joanna could probably best be helped by a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. experimental

B. clinical

C. industrial/organizational

D. educational

Question 3

Dr. Lopez assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test measuring the ability to cope with stress. He is checking the _____ of his new test.

A. reliability

B. validity

C. norms

D. variability

Question 4

Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?

A. Human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will,  and self-direction.

B. To fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures.

C. A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction that repeatedly occurred over the course of human history.

D. As medical and technological advances have evolved, the biological basis of behavior should be the primary focus of contemporary psychology

Question 5

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance, randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. They then tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

A. the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to.

B. how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment.

C. the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

D. how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of theexperiment

Question 6

Your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawns he sees. This represents:

A. a positive correlation.

B. a negative correlation.

C. a cause-and-effect relationship.

D. scientific proof that yawning is contagious

Question 7

After collecting her data and performing a number of statistical analyses, Jana noticed that the standard deviation was very large. This indicates that:

A. there was a relatively large number of scores in the distribution

B. the distribution was positively skewed.

C. the scores were clustered around the mean and were not spread out.

D. the scores had a great deal of variability and were not clustered around the mean.

Question 8

In Howard Gardner’s theory, distinct forms of intelligence include:

A. verbal comprehension, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning.

B. linguistic, creative, musical, scientific-mathematical, performance, intellectual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence.

C. linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence.

D. analytic, creative, and practical intelligence

Question 9

The development of medications that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders and development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades.

A. industrial/organizational

B. cognitive

C. humanistic

D. biological

Question 10

Scores on tests of individual differences, including intelligence test scores, often follow a pattern in which most scores are in the average range with fewer scores in the extremely high or extremely low range. What is this pattern of distribution of scores called?

A. the normal curve or normal distribution

B. the reliability distribution

C. the variability distribution

D. the standard distribution

Question 11

Jonathan is a very bright 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:

A. 100

B. 83

C. 120

D. 160

Question 12

According to Professor Zarkov’s correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are “statistically significant” means that:

A. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables.

B. the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

C. the finding has no mathematical validity.

D. the finding can be used to generate new theories.

Question 13

Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.

A. 100;150

B. 50; 150

C. 85; 115

D. 60; 130

Question 14

Fifty students took the midterm exam in Dr. Axelrod’s class. In order to get some idea of the most “typical” score, Dr. Axelrod added up all the scores and divided the sum by 50. The product of this calculation is called the:

A. median.

B. standard deviation.

C. mean.

D. range

Question 15

Psychologists who counsel students, perform assessments, and who help teachers, school administrators, and parents understand how children learn and develop are known as _____ psychologists.

A. school

B. experimental

C. personality

D. cognitive

Question 16

Why do researchers try to avoid being detected by their subjects when engaged in naturalistic observations?

A. The researchers themselves could be considered to be a dependent variable that affects the results of the study.

B. Naturally occurring behavior patterns might not occur if the subjects become aware that they are being observed.

C. It is unethical to engage in any kind of research, even naturalistic observation, unless there is prior permission by the subjects.

D. Subjects may continue to act naturally with the researchers, but the researchers may not act like researchers once they begin to interact with the subjects

Question 17

Which of the following best represents psychology’s basic goals?

A. investigate and treat mental illness

B. describe, explain, predict, and influence (or change) behavior

C. listen to, counsel, and console people with problems

D. apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior

Question 18

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

A. change in the symptoms of depression

B. method used to recruit participants for the study

C. form of psychotherapy used to treat depression

D. cost of the study

Question 19

Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. cross-cultural

B. biological

C. industrial/organizational

D. personality

Question 20

The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called the:

A. descriptive method.

B. correlational method.

C. experimental method.

D. meta-analytic method

Question 21

Humanistic psychology emphasized:

A. the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.

B. the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.

C. unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.

D. free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential

Question 22

A correlation coefficient is:

A. numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.

B. independent variable that is used in a correlational study.

C. numerical indicator of the statistical significance of the findings in a particular research study.

D. index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings

Question 23

In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n):

A. preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey

B. carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied

C. small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants

D. example of a completed questionnaire, which is mailed to survey

Question 24

In Dr. Foster’s study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but it has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:

A. group that receives the new medication.

B. group that receives the medication without the active ingredients.

C. anxiety group.

D. group without anxiety

Question 25

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: “Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.” This statement is an example of:

A. a theory.

B. an operational definition.

C. a hypothesis.

D. experimenter bias

Question 26

Dr. Harmon wants to study the conditions under which some children are rejected by their peers. Daily, from the beginning of a school year, she carefully observes and records the behavior of kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in the classroom and on the playground. Dr. Harmon is using:

A. a survey.

B. naturalistic observation.

C. a case study.

D. the experimental method

Question 27

Which area of psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique?

A. educational psychology

B. social psychology

C. cross-cultural psychology

D. personality psychology

Question 28

Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the strongest relationship between two factors?

A.-.85

B. .01

C. .50

S. .80

Question 29

In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s reliability.

B. establishing the test’s validity.

C. standardizing the test.

D. Establishing the test’s variability

Question 30

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

A. cognitive

B. biological

C. humanistic

D. psychodynamic

Question 31

Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates. In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:

A. establishing the test’s validity.

B. establishing the test’s reliability.

C.  standardizing the test.

D. establishing the test’s representation

Question 32

Dr. Woods is studying the degree to which primates seem to display logic and insight in figuring out a variety of puzzles and other simple problems. Dr. Woods is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

A. industrial/organizational

B. clinical

C. forensic

D. cognitive

Question 33

Ramon has organized his data into both a frequency distribution and a polygon. Now he wants to summarize the data with a single number that provides information about the “typical” score, or the “center” of the distribution. Ramon would be advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. an inferential statistic, called thet-test.

C. the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique.

D. a correlation coefficient.

Question 34

While conducting research on intelligence, the experimenters were very careful to control for unwanted variability in such factors as age, gender, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and so on. They did this in order to avoid or minimize the influence of:

A. extraneous or confounding variables.

B. dependent or outcome variables.

C. demand characteristics.

D. practice effects

Question 35

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

A. the important role of mental processes in how people process information, developlanguage, solve problems, and think.

B. how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.

C. the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.

D. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonalrelationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction instriving to reach one’s potential

Question 36

Behaviorism was characterized by:

A. the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.

B. a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.

C. a focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth.

D. an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.

Question 37

A representative sample is a:

A. group of participants that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.

B. sample questionnaire that represents the most likely set of survey responses.

C.  small group of volunteers who try to predict the survey results.

D. list of all the possible questions that might be represented on the final survey.

Question 38

Tyler wants to know how much the scores in his data differ from each other and whether the scores are widely spread out. Tyler would be well advised to use:

A. a measure of central tendency.

B. the correlation coefficient.

C. a measure of variability.

D. the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA)

Question 39

Under the American Psychological Association’s ethical code for psychologists, psychological researchers:

A. must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants.

B. must consult each participant’s family doctor.

C. are never allowed to deceive research participants.

D. can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals.

Question 40

In an experiment investigating the hypothesis that aerobic exercise improves concentration and memory, all the participants had an equal chance of being assigned to any of the three conditions in the study. The researchers have used _____ to minimize the possibility of bias when assigning participants to the different groups.

the practice effect

random assignment

the single-blind technique

the double-blind technique

 

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