proposals describe the experiments, including potential benefits of the research as well as any discomfort or harm that they may cause the subjects. You must either approve the research or deny permission for the experiments. It is not your job to suggest improvements on technical aspects of the projects, such as experimental design.

Instructions

For each of the following four cases, explain why you would either approve or disapprove the proposed research experiments. Evaluate each proposal based on the four main principles of ethical research provided in this lesson. Every research experiment must follow all four principles to be considered ethical.

Example
Proposal: Dr. Croller is studying the effects of separation anxiety on young children. To determine the reaction of 5 year olds under stress, he is planning a naturalistic observation where the subjects (a mother and her child) walk through the aisles of a supermarket. When the child is unaware, the mother will slip away and hide out of sight of the child. Graduate students will film the child’s reaction and use a tally sheet of anxious behaviors to measure the child’s level of anxiety. Dr. Croller believes that if he can prove this is an anxiety-producing event, he can use this in the future as part of an experiment to teach children self-reliance through learned survival techniques.

Response: I would definitely deny this study. This is very unethical because Dr. Croller is going to inflict great harm by tricking the children into believing their mother abandoned them, which is not an appropriate use of deception. Likewise, the information learned in the study does not validate the harm caused by the professor’s methods.

Case 1
The Psychology Department is requesting permission from your committee to use 10 rats per semester for demonstrations in a physiological psychology class. The students will work in groups of three: each group will be given a rat.

The students will first perform surgery on the rats. Each animal with be anesthetized. Following standard surgical procedures, an incision will be made in the scalp and two holes drilled in the animal’s skull. Electrodes will be lowered into the brain to create lesions on each side. The animals will then be allowed to recover.

Several weeks later, the effects of destroying this part of the animal’s brain will be tested in a shuttle avoidance task in which animals will learn when to cross over an electrified grid. The instructor admits the procedure is a common demonstration and that no new information will be gained from the experiment. She argues, however, that students taking a course in psychology must have the opportunity to engage in small animal surgery to see firsthand the effects of brain legions.

Case 2
Your university includes a college of veterinary medicine. In the past, the students practiced surgical techniques on dogs acquired from a local animal shelter. There have been some objections to this practice and the veterinary school wants the approval of your committee to continue this practice. They make the following points:

1. Almost all of the animals will eventually be killed at the animal shelter. It is wasteful of life to breed animals for the vet school when there is an ample supply of animals that will be euthanized anyway.

2. It costs at least 10 times as much to breed animals for research purposes.

3. Research with dogs from animal shelters and the practice surgeries will, in the long run, aid the lives of animals by training veterinarians.

A local group of animal welfare activists demanded that you deny the school’s request. They argue that the majority of these animals are lost or stolen pets and it is tragic to think that previously loved dogs could end up on a surgical table for an experiment. Furthermore, they claim that as people become aware that animals taken to shelters may end up in research laboratories, they will stop using the shelters and simply set these animals free.

Case 3
Dr. Hames is requesting permission to do a sleep deprivation study involving young children. He has hypothesized that children between the ages of five and seven need uninterrupted sleep to do well with basic memory functions. He has proposed a study where children in this age category will be awakened each hour during one night in his laboratory, and then tested on basic memory abilities. These results will then be compared with those obtained after a normal night of sleep. He is offering parents a $250 incentive if they will agree to allow their children to participate in this study. The children will be given a gift card to a local toy store for their participation.

Case 4
Professor Lennon is planning to do a research study to show the outcome of a serious back injury involving the spine and the possible effects on the part of the brain affecting balance and coordination. To conduct her study, she will need volunteers to have a painful spinal tap procedure which would simulate the damage associated with severe back injuries. The spinal taps have a slight chance of causing severe pain that could last for several days. There is also a very slight risk of nerve damage that could cause some short-term paralysis. Subjects will be informed of the risks involved and will be paid $1200 for the spinal tap and for a six night stay that will be required to evaluate the outcome after this procedure.

01.07: Ethics Committee Evaluations (Rubric)
Requirements/Description of Task

Points Possible

Student Points

Statement of approval or disapproval – scenario 1

3

Statement of approval or disapproval – scenario 2

3

Statement of approval or disapproval – scenario 3

3

Statement of approval or disapproval – scenario 4

3

Detailed explanation as to the logic of decision based on the four principles of ethics – scenario 1

6

Detailed explanation as to the logic of decision based on the four principles of ethics – scenario 2

6

Detailed explanation as to the logic of decision based on the four principles of ethics – scenario 3

6

Detailed explanation as to the logic of decision based on the four principles of ethics – scenario 4

6

Proper spelling, grammar, and capitalization – scenario 1

1

Proper spelling, grammar, and capitalization – scenario 2

1

Proper spelling, grammar, and capitalization – scenario 3

1

Proper spelling, grammar, and capitalization – scenario 4

1

TOTAL

40

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Response Guidelines

Provide a substantive contribution that advances the discussion in a meaningful way by identifying strengths of the posting, challenging assumptions, and asking clarifying questions. Your response is expected to reference the assigned readings, as well as other theoretical, empirical, or professional literature to support your views and writings. Reference your sources using standard APA guidelines. Review the Participation Guidelines section of the Discussion Participation Scoring Guide to gain an understanding of what is required in a substantive response.

Peer 1 Response: Cait

Anderson & Bushman (2001) conducted the meta-analysis, Effects of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature, which determined that there was a correlation between playing video games and aggressive behaviors. In a set of 21 controlled experimental studies, Anderson & Bushman (2001) concluded that there was a correlation between playing video games (x) and engaging in the aggressive behavior (y). Table 1 determined that aggressive behavior was measured at r= .19, therefore concluding that the correlation was statistically significant due to a large number of participants that were involved in the research study. Aggressive behavior in conjunction with playing violent video games was tested with 3,033 participants. If there was a smaller sample size (in this case, less than 3,033 participants), the correlation r=.19 may not have been as large or as significant. This result also yielded significant results because r=.19 is positive, rather than negative. In Table 1 it can also be determined that the results displayed significant results because of the homogeneity test. The homogeneity test determined an outcome of x2(32)  23.25, p > .05 (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). It was measured that the p score was 23.25, compared to the normal value used by SPSS and researchers, which is .05. Because the p-value was larger than .05, it yielded significant results for this research study. If the p-value was smaller than .05, it would not hold the same level of significance.

Reference

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353–359.

Peer 2 Response: Teddick

A meta-analysis (Anderson & Bushman, 2001) reported that the average correlation between time spent playing video games (X) and engaging in aggressive behavior (Y) in a set of 21 well-controlled experimental studies was .19. This correlation was judged to be statistically significant. In your own words, what can you say about the nature of the relationship?

Warner (2013) explained that in a result of .19 will fall among the small (r<.10) and the medium (r<.30) and in less than the large (r<.50). This is an indicator that there is a compelling association, but this does not mean there is a causation between aggressive behavior and video games. Because of the insufficient information provided, we must consider every factor that contributes to the research, for example age of the gamer, time spent playing, time spent watching movies of violence, how much the parents are involved in their child’s life, if that person is involved with the wrong group of individuals, their surrounding neighborhood, and even their social and academic intellect. However, there still is a relationship of correlation on the meta-analysis, but does not necessarily means a causation. The meta-analysis shows a significant association on aggressive behavior being affected by playing violent video games, but does not prove or show that it causes the behavior. If anything it does encourage parents to look for more age appropriate video games and limit the access of violent-themed games for their kids (Anderson, C. & Bushman, B., 2001).

References:

Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12(5), 353–359.

Warner, R. M. (2013). Applied Statistics: From Bivariate Through Multivariate Techniques (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

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Week 3 Practice Worksheet

Provide a response to the following questions.

Note: Each team member should compute the following questions and submit to the Learning Team forum. The team should then discuss each team member’s answers to ascertain the correct answer for each question. Once the team has answered all the questions, submit a finalized team worksheet.

1. On a standard measure of hearing ability, the mean is 300, and the standard deviation is 20. Provide the Z scores for persons whose raw scores are 340, 310, and 260. Provide the raw scores for persons whose Z scores on this test are 2.4, 1.5, and -4.5.

2. Using the unit normal table, find the proportion under the standard normal curve that lies in the tail for each of the following:

a. z = 1.00

b. z = -1.05

c. z = 0

d. z = 2.80

e. z = 1.96

3. Suppose the scores of architects on a particular creativity test are normally distributed. Using a normal curve table (pp. 477–480 of the text), what percentage of architects have Z scores

a. above .10?

b. below .10?

c. above .20?

d. below .20?

e. above 1.10?

f. below 1.10?

g. above -.10?

h. below -.10?

4. A statistics instructor wants to measure the effectiveness of his teaching skills in a class of 102 students (N = 102). He selects students by waiting at the door to the classroom prior to his lecture and pulling aside every third student to give him or her a questionnaire.

a. Is this sample design an example of random sampling? Explain.

b. Assuming that all students attend his class that day, how many students will the instructor select to complete his questionnaire?

5. Suppose you were going to conduct a survey of visitors to your campus. You want the survey to be as representative as possible.

a. How would you select the people to survey?

b. Why would that be your best method?

6. Explain the eight characteristics of a normal distribution. Explain why converting raw scores to z scores is helpful in understanding data.

7. Explain the concept of a sampling distribution. Identify three characteristics of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.

8. How is the alternate hypothesis related to the null hypothesis? Explain the difference between a one-tailed test and a two- tailed test.

9. What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 7 on a six-sided dice? Please show the formula and the calculation.

10. Converting raw scores to z-scores Consider a distribution of raw scores with: Mean = 10, s.d., = 2. What is the z score for a raw score of 7 in this distribution. Please show the formula and your calculations.

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Refer to the following helpful resources:

• Step-by-Step Guide to Using the Shapiro Library This resource will help you look for articles.
• A Bad Taste in the Mouth: Gustatory Disgust Influences Moral Judgment This example of an annotated article will help you better understand how research articles are structured.
• Comparing the Annotated Bibliography to the Literature Review

For additional details, please refer to the Milestone Two Guidelines and Rubric document.

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