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Discussion 1: Use of Group Designs in Program Evaluation
Group programs are common in social work. Just as with other types of programs, social workers must understand the options available to them and know how to select the appropriate research design.
For this Discussion, you evaluate group research design methods that can be used for an outcome evaluation of a foster parent training program. You also generate criteria to be measured in the program.
To prepare for this Discussion, review the “Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation” case study in this week’s resources, Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Retrieved from http://www.vitalsource.com , and the section of “Basic Guide to Outcomes-Based Evaluation for Nonprofit Organizations with Very Limited Resources”, titled “Overview of Methods to Collect Information.”
· Post your explanation of which group research design and data collection method from those outlined in the Resources you selected as appropriate for the “Social Work Research: “Planning a Program Evaluation” case study and why.
· Then, generate criteria to be measured using the research design by identifying a specific outcome and a method for measuring that outcome. Specify who will collect the data and how the data will be collected.
References (use 3 or more)
Dudley, J. R. (2014). Social work evaluation: Enhancing what we do. (2nd ed.) Chicago, IL: Lyceum Books.
· Chapters 9, “Is the Intervention Effective?” (pp. 213–250)
· Chapter 10, “Analyzing Evaluation Data” (pp. 255–275)
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. (Eds.). (2014b). Social work case studies: Concentration year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Read the following section:
“Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation”
Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation
Joan is a social worker who is currently enrolled in a social work PhD program. She is planning to conduct her dissertation research project with a large nonprofit child welfare organization where she has worked as a site coordinator for many years. She has already approached the agency director with her interest, and the leadership team of the agency stated that they would like to collaborate on the research project.
The child welfare organization at the center of the planned study has seven regional centers that operate fairly independently. The primary focus of work is on foster care; that is, recruiting and training foster parents and running a regular foster care program with an emphasis on family foster care. The agency has a residential program as well, but it will not participate in the study. Each of the regional centers services about 45–50 foster parents and approximately 100 foster children. On average, five to six new foster families are recruited at each center on a quarterly basis. This number has been consistent over the past 2 years.
Recently it was decided that a new training program for incoming foster parents would be used by the organization. The primary goals of this new training program include reducing foster placement disruptions, improving the quality of services delivered, and increasing child well-being through better trained and skilled foster families. Each of the regional centers will participate and implement the new training program. Three of the sites will start the program immediately, while the other four centers will not start until 12 months from now. The new training program consists of six separate 3-hour training sessions that are typically conducted in a biweekly format. It is a fairly proceduralized training program; that is, a very detailed set of manuals and training materials exists. All trainings will be conducted by the same two instructors. The current training program that it will replace differs considerably in its focus, but it also uses a 6-week, 3-hour format. It will be used by those sites not immediately participating until the new program is implemented.
Joan has done a thorough review of the foster care literature and has found that there has been no research on the training program to date, even though it is being used by a growing number of agencies. She also found that there are some standardized instruments that she could use for her study. In addition, she would need to create a set of Likert-type scales for the study. She will be able to use a group design because all seven regional centers are interested in participating and they are starting the training at different times.
Discussion 2: Assessing Outcomes
How do you determine the “success” of a human services program? Part of your role as an administrator is to collaborate with your staff to determine how a particular program’s effectiveness will be measured. The outcomes must be clear, realistic, and feasible, and how the outcomes will be assessed must be clear also.
For this Discussion, you will address the “Social Work Research: Program Evaluation” case study in Social Work Case Studies: Foundation Year. Assume the role of an administrator in the case study to evaluate what has occurred in the program and how you might improve it.
· Post an evaluation of the success of the CALWORKS program based on the information presented in the case study.
· Be sure to define what success would be for the program and how you, as an administrator of the program, might evaluate whether success has been achieved.
· Finally, make one recommendation for improving the program’s effectiveness.
Reference (use 3 or more)
Benton, A. D., & Austin, M. J. (2010). Managing nonprofit mergers: The challenges facing human service organizations. Administration in Social Work, 34(5), 458–479.
King, D., & Hodges, K. (2013). Outcomes-driven clinical management and supervisory practices with youth with severe emotional disturbance. Administration in Social Work, 37(3), 312–324.
Lawrence, C., Strolin-Goltzman, J., Caringi, J., Claiborne, N., McCarthy, M., Butts, E., & O’Connell, K. (2013). Designing evaluations in child welfare organizations: An approach for administrators. Administration in Social Work, 37(1), 3–13.
Lynch-Cerullo, K., & Cooney, K. (2011). Moving from outputs to outcomes: A review of the evolution of performance measurement in the human service nonprofit sector. Administration in Social Work, 35(4), 364–388.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014c). Social work case studies: Foundation year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].
· “Social Work Research: Program Evaluation” (pp. 66–68)
Social Work Research: Planning a Program Evaluation
Joan is a social worker who is currently enrolled in a social work PhD program. She is planning to conduct her dissertation research project with a large nonprofit child welfare organization where she has worked as a site coordinator for many years. She has already approached the agency director with her interest, and the leadership team of the agency stated that they would like to collaborate on the research project.
The child welfare organization at the center of the planned study has seven regional centers that operate fairly independently. The primary focus of work is on foster care; that is, recruiting and training foster parents and running a regular foster care program with an emphasis on family foster care. The agency has a residential program as well, but it will not participate in the study. Each of the regional centers services about 45–50 foster parents and approximately 100 foster children. On average, five to six new foster families are recruited at each center on a quarterly basis. This number has been consistent over the past 2 years.
Recently it was decided that a new training program for incoming foster parents would be used by the organization. The primary goals of this new training program include reducing foster placement disruptions, improving the quality of services delivered, and increasing child well-being through better trained and skilled foster families. Each of the regional centers will participate and implement the new training program. Three of the sites will start the program immediately, while the other four centers will not start until 12 months from now. The new training program consists of six separate 3-hour training sessions that are typically conducted in a biweekly format. It is a fairly proceduralized training program; that is, a very detailed set of manuals and training materials exists. All trainings will be conducted by the same two instructors. The current training program that it will replace differs considerably in its focus, but it also uses a 6-week, 3-hour format. It will be used by those sites not immediately participating until the new program is implemented.
Joan has done a thorough review of the foster care literature and has found that there has been no research on the training program to date, even though it is being used by a growing number of agencies. She also found that there are some standardized instruments that she could use for her study. In addition, she would need to create a set of Likert-type scales for the study. She will be able to use a group design because all seven regional centers are interested in participating and they are starting the training at different times.
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Part 1: After reading the chapter on antecedent control procedures, turn to page 351 in the Miltenberger digital text, and select one of the six “misapplications” cases. In your main post, briefly recap the case and discuss the reason the antecedent control procedure is not being used effectively. Provide an alternative plan that includes at least one antecedent control strategy from your reading.
Part 2: Using the alternative plan that you have created, select one of the methods of promoting generalization discussed in Chapter 28 of Cooper, Heron, and Heward, and discuss how you would incorporate this method of generalization into your corrected behavior management plan.
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Part 1: After reading the chapter on antecedent control procedures, turn to page 351 in the Miltenberger digital text, and select one of the six “misapplications” cases. In your main post, briefly recap the case and discuss the reason the antecedent control procedure is not being used effectively. Provide an alternative plan that includes at least one antecedent control strategy from your reading.
Part 2: Using the alternative plan that you have created, select one of the methods of promoting generalization discussed in Chapter 28 of Cooper, Heron, and Heward, and discuss how you would incorporate this method of generalization into your corrected behavior management plan.
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Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resource on your own before you bid. One of the references must come from Corey, M. S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2018). I have attached an example of the Venn Diagram and the Template that is supposed to be used. Please follow the instructions. I need this completed by 07/26/18 at 6pm.
Assignment: Theoretical Approaches Applied to Group Counseling
The orientation counselors have regarding their work is based on an awareness of their own personalities, preferences, and values, combined with the counseling theories that most reflect their understanding of members’ ways of thinking and behaving. This orientation influences the way counselors approach and facilitate group work.
At this point in your educational career, you may still be exploring counseling approaches and developing your own theoretical orientation. That is okay and expected. This Assignment is an opportunity to further explore the concepts, goals, therapeutic relationship, and techniques of counseling theories as they are applied to group work. Consider how you might incorporate elements of one or more of these approaches in your Group Proposal if you have not done so already.
To prepare:
The Assignment:
Required Resources
Readings
Corey, M. S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2018). Groups: Process and practice (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.
Corwin, D., Wall, K. & Koopman, C. (2012). Psycho-spiritual integrative therapy for women with breast cancer. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 37(3), 252–273. 10.1080/01933922.2012.686961
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Gaffney, S. (2008). Steps towards a practice of Gestalt with groups: A mini-manual for beginners. Gestalt Journal of Australia & New Zealand, 5(1), 32–51.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Macrodimitris, S. D., Hamilton, K. E., Backs-Dermott, B., & Mothersill, K. J. (2010). CBT basics: A group approach to teaching fundamental cognitive-behavioral skills. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24(2), 132–146. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/docview/276282765?accountid=14872
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Plosker, R., & Chang, J. (2014). A solution-focused therapy group designed for caregivers of stroke survivors. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 33(2), 35–49. doi:10.1521/jsyt.2014.33.2.35
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Sonstegard, M. A. (1998). The theory and practice of Adlerian group counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Individual Psychology, 54(2), 217–250.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Velasquez, M. M., & Ingersoll, K. S. (2006). Motivational Interviewing in groups. Journal of Addiction and Recovery. doi: 10.1300/J384v01n01_03
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Westwood, M. J., & Ewasiw, J. F. (2011). Integrating narrative and action processes in group counseling practice: A multimodal approach for helping clients. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 36(1), 78–93.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.
Document: Venn Diagram Template (Powerpoint Presentation)
Use this document to complete this week’s Assignment.
Document: Venn Diagram Exemplar (Powerpoint Presentation)
Required Media
Haynes, R. (2014). Groups in action: Evolution and challenges [Video file]. Borderline Productions.
Laureate Education (Producer). (2018a). Applying counseling theory to group work [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 8 minutes.
In this video, Walden faculty discuss how they apply theory to group work.
Accessible player –Downloads– Download Video w/CC Download Audio Download Transcript
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2 points
Vioxx, Celebrex, and Bextra are painkillers, and all of them are risky for heart patients. It must be the case that all painkillers are risky for heart patients.
• Question 2
2 out of 2 points
Radio host Rush Limbaugh argues that America’s foreign policy is a great success. But who is this screwball Limbaugh? He’s nothing but a fascist, sexist, homophobic, drug-addicted moron, who will say anything to stir up the ultra right. Every sane person shuts him off.
• Question 3
2 out of 2 points
Every component in this boat is made of rust-proof material. Therefore, the entire boat is rust-proof.
• Question 4
2 out of 2 points
Either you buy me a new Rolls Royce or I’ll have to walk to work in the snow. And I’m sure you don’t want me to do that.
• Question 5
2 out of 2 points
Either Thomas Edison or Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph. But it wasn’t Edison. Therefore, Morse invented the telegraph.
• Question 6
2 out of 2 points
Nobody has ever seen Mr. Albie walk without crutches. We conclude that Mr. Albie needs crutches to walk.
• Question 7
2 out of 2 points
Floyd Conway has given us his reasons for unrestricted logging in our national forests. But it’s obvious why he says these things. Floyd is a lumberjack, and he just wants to ensure that he’ll have a job in the years ahead.
• Question 8
2 out of 2 points
During the five years that Clarence has worn a Rolex watch, three of his married friends have gotten a divorce. Thus, to prevent any more divorces, it is essential that he stop wearing that watch.
• Question 9
2 out of 2 points
Tom is a bit of a dunce when it comes to mathematics, and he hasn’t studied a bit for the next test. Therefore, he probably won’t do very well on that test.
• Question 10
2 out of 2 points
The idea that fast food is unhealthy is a lot of hooey. Why, 90% of America eats fast food.
• Question 11
2 out of 2 points
We know for certain that no armadillos are aardvarks. It is therefore equally certain that no aardvarks are armadillos.
• Question 12
2 out of 2 points
This brick made of 24 caret gold has been sliced into 50 pieces. Therefore, each of the pieces must be 24 caret gold.
• Question 13
2 out of 2 points
Movie star Marci Downs says in magazine ads that the new Porsche XKG is the sexiest car on the road. But you shouldn’t take what she says too seriously because she’s paid thousands of dollars to make these ads.
• Question 14
2 out of 2 points
Either you buy me a new Rolex watch, or I’ll be late for all my meetings. I’m sure you don’t want me to be late, so you’ll buy me the Rolex. How about that one with diamonds in it?
• Question 15
2 out of 2 points
Dr. Williams cheated Medicare by exaggerating expenses, and Dr. Fox cheated by submitting fees for nonexistent patients. Dr. Harris defrauded a dozen insurance companies by requiring unneeded lab tests. The apparent conclusion is that all doctors cheat.
• Question 16
2 out of 2 points
My dear, you shouldn’t hesitate a minute before buying a new mink coat. Real fur is in right now, and a full mink is the ultimate in fashion. It tells the whole world that you have exquisite taste and the wherewithal to express it.
• Question 17
2 out of 2 points
Every ingredient in this new drink concoction is highly alcoholic. Therefore, the drink is highly alcoholic.
• Question 18
2 out of 2 points
Renee Richards argues in favor of reducing the patient load of our nurses. But it’s obvious why she says this. Renee is a nurse herself, so of course she wants a reduced patient load. Nobody should pay too much attention to her pleas.
• Question 19
2 out of 2 points
Former President Bush argued in favor of privatizing Social Security. But just look at the man. He can’t even pronounce half the words in the English language, he’s a notorious liar, and his face looks like it came off the cover of MAD Magazine. Bush’s arguments are pure trash.
• Question 20
2 out of 2 points
A few days after Margi joined the Democratic Party she got pregnant and lost her job. Therefore, it’s important that you never join up with the Democrats.
• Question 21
2 out of 2 points
Professor Wilson argues that it is absolutely wrong for students to plagiarize their work. But who is she to talk? I have it on good evidence that Wilson plagiarized her own work when she was a student.
• Question 22
2 out of 2 points
After returning from a two-week vacation, Robert turned the key in his usually reliable Camry, but nothing happened. Apparently the car has a dead battery.
• Question 23
2 out of 2 points
The fallacy in which the arguer misinterprets an opponent’s argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it is:
• Question 24
2 out of 2 points
It’s never a good idea to allow your teenage kids to have a sip of champagne on New Year’s Eve. Next thing you know they’ll be drinking beer during TV football games. Then it’ll be wine every night at dinner. Then bloody Mary’s every morning. Soon they’ll be raging alcoholics, and the costs for rehab will be enormous.
• Question 25
2 out of 2 points
Hugo lost an arm in a car accident last year. But surely he will get it back. Most lost things turn up sooner or later.
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QUESTION 1
1. __________ is the ability of professionals to move their licensed status from state to state.
a. | Anonymity | |
b. | Communicability | |
c. | Transferability | |
d. | Portability |
0.5 points
QUESTION 2
1. Divisions can be categorized as __________ divisions or __________ divisions.
a. | specialty; preferred | |
b. | passion; work setting | |
c. | passion; specialty | |
d. | work setting; specialty |
0.5 points
QUESTION 3
1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four ACA regions?
a. | North Atlantic | |
b. | Eastern | |
c. | Midwest | |
d. | Southern |
0.5 points
QUESTION 4
1. Portability allows
a. | a multicultural approach to counseling. | |
b. | professionals to use standardized practices. | |
c. | professionals to move their license from state to state. | |
d. | the public to know that they are protected. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 5
1. The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) is an example of a
a. | Both of the above | |
b. | work setting division. | |
c. | None of the above | |
d. | passion division. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 6
1. ____________ was the final state to issue licenses for professional counselors.
a. | California | |
b. | Florida | |
c. | Maryland | |
d. | Virginia |
0.5 points
QUESTION 7
1. Which ACA division is nicknamed “the heart and conscience of the counseling profession”?
a. | Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) | |
b. | Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) | |
c. | International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) | |
d. | Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) |
0.5 points
QUESTION 8
1. Credentialing laws for the counseling profession have been left to the
a. | school districts. | |
b. | state legislatures. | |
c. | national government. | |
d. | county/city legislatures. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 9
1. Which of the following is NOT true about the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)?
a. | NBCC recruits non-profit organizations to sponsor certification testing. | |
b. | NBCC manages specialty certifications for clinical mental health and addictions counselors. | |
c. | NBCC oversees the national certification process. | |
d. | NBCC manages certification examinations. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 10
1. Title acts differ from practice acts in that title acts
a. | allow graduates of counselor education programs to call themselves licensed professional counselors. | |
b. | prohibit individuals from performing the activities associated with professional counseling. | |
c. | require individuals to meet state licensure requirements. | |
d. | allow individuals to practice the profession of counseling so long as they do not call themselves licensed professional counselors. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 11
1. The four levels of credentialing procedures, ranging from least prestigious to most prestigious, are ______________.
a. | certification, inspection, licensure, and registration | |
b. | inspection, registration, certification, and licensure | |
c. | inspection, licensure, certification, and registration | |
d. | registration, certification, inspection, and licensure |
0.5 points
QUESTION 12
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about credentialing laws for the counseling profession?
a. | Many states accredit graduate school counseling programs in conjunction with national accreditation processes. | |
b. | Credentialing procedures are different from state to state. | |
c. | Credentialing laws are established by the national government. | |
d. | Professional policies and laws, particularly credentialing, are still being established. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 13
1. The process by which states reach agreements that allow for out-of-state licenses to be accepted so long as all state fees are paid is known as
a. | portability. | |
b. | certification. | |
c. | cross certification. | |
d. | credentialing. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 14
1. Decisions of the CACREP board regarding accreditation of a program can include all of the following EXCEPT
a. | denial of accreditation. | |
b. | 8-year accreditation. | |
c. | permanent accreditation. | |
d. | 2-year provisional accreditation. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 15
1. __________ protects public interest, ensures that graduate students have met high standards, and identifies educational programs that meet minimum standards for faculty composition, curriculum, and student services.
a. | Accreditation | |
b. | Licensure | |
c. | Certification | |
d. | Maintenance |
0.5 points
QUESTION 16
1. The minimum number of supervised clinical hours an applicant must accumulate before applying for a counseling license
a. | is 4,000 hours. | |
b. | is 5,000 hours. | |
c. | is 3,000 hours. | |
d. | varies by state. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 17
1. __________ is NOT a level of credentialing procedures.
a. | Inspection | |
b. | Accreditation | |
c. | Certification | |
d. | Licensure |
0.5 points
QUESTION 18
1. Licensure and national certification
a. | support future skill development. | |
b. | are costly and sometimes unnecessary. | |
c. | guide counseling students through their respective graduate programs. | |
d. | allow professionals to use their leadership and advocacy skills. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 19
1. The __________ is a voluntary, non-profit, non-governmental, independent corporation that advances professional counselor credentials.
a. | National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) | |
b. | American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF) | |
c. | Chi Sigma Iota | |
d. | Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) |
0.5 points
QUESTION 20
1. Licenses and certifications require
a. | qualification by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). | |
b. | continuing education. | |
c. | a minimum of 3.0 as a graduate GPA. | |
d. | 3 years of graduate education. |
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Title
ABC/123 Version |
1 |
Week 1 Assignment Worksheet
PSY/203 Version 1 |
5 |
University of Phoenix Material
1. ___B.___ perspective focuses on how learning experiences affect behavior, and focuses on behavior that is observable.
2. __E___ perspective focuses on the effect of unresolved conflicts from childhood, and how those conflicts unconsciously shape behavior.
3. __D___ perspective focuses on free will, conscious choices, and self-awareness, and views humans as distinct individuals with unique characteristics.
4. ___C__ perspective examines the mental processes used to obtain knowledge, and focuses on how information is processed, stored, retrieved, and manipulated.
5. __A___ perspective focuses on how factors like age, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and income level influence behavior, attitudes, and mental processes.
A. Sociocultural
B. Behavioral
C. Cognitive
D. Humanistic
E. Psychodynamic
Provide a description of the function of the structures or hormones listed.
Structure | Hormone(s) released (if applicable) | Description or function |
Frontal lobe | CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone | Helps with decision making |
Somatosensory cortex | CRH | Sensory receptive area for the sense of touch |
Pancreas | Glucagon and insulin | A long flat gland that lies behind the stomach |
Thyroid | Thyroxie, triodothyronine | Covers the windpipe from 3 sides.helps the body produce and regulatehormones adrenalie |
Adrenal glands | Cortisol | Located at the top of each kidney, produce hormones to help control blood sugar |
Read the following examples and indicate whether they are describing sensation or perception. If the example describes sensation, list which sense is involved. If the example describes perception, list the concept or principle of perception that is involved.
I think I see Bob approaching me from a distance, but as the man gets closer to me, I realize it isn’t Bob. Perception Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds
While studying for a test at the library, I hear other people talking and laughing; however, I am able to block out the noise and concentrate on reading my textbook. perception__ Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds
My math teacher draws a triangle on the board, and even thought she uses dotted lines, I am still able to see the shape of the triangle. perception_ Harmonic perception, on the other hand, owes to the understanding that the ear usually perceives inter-related notes, as one, to create meaning in sounds.
I am walking down the street and I see two people walking together, but to my surprise, they walk off in different directions without acknowledging that the other person is leaving. perception_ Finally, form perception indicates the contextualization of particular objects in a given environment, whereby the eyes sees them as primarily 2-D and at times as 3-D depending on the way of their placement. It is also the understanding of what characterizes the inner and outer core of an object_
1. When I look at a white piece of paper, I can still recognize it as white whether I am outside in bright sunlight, or sitting in a dark room. perception__ Color perception, on the other hand, describes the way the visual senses, denoting the eyes, observe hues and contextualize them in the environment I notice that the light is on in the living room. sensation_Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.
Music is playing in the elevator. . sensation_ Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.
2. I notice that my mom is baking bread as I walk into the house to greet her. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organs
When I wash my hands at school, I notice that the water feels hot. sensation___Exteroceptive senses which are sense that perceives the body’s own position, motion and state.
When I had an infected tooth extracted, I experienced pressure as the tooth separated from the gums. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organsx
I am able to type this sentence without looking at the keyboard on my computer. _perception_ Amodal perception is one of the most recognizable types of perception in psychology. It is the observation and interpretation of things in terms of depth and motion._
I experience motion sickness whenever I ride in a boat. sensation Interoceptive senses are senses that perceive sensations in internal organs
Read the following scenarios.
Write a 100- to 150-word response to the following questions associated with each scenario.
A psychologist is interested in learning more about how children interact with each other during the school day. The psychologist is particularly interested in discovering the ways in which children behave when they do not think they are being watched. What research method would be best used to conduct this type of research, and why? What ethical concerns might be an issue in this type of research? ) Observational research method would be suitable because it includes case studies, ethnographic studies, ethological studies, etc. The primary characteristic of each of these types of studies is that phenomena are being observed and recorded. Often times, the studies are qualitative in nature. For example, a psychological case study would entail extensive notes based on observations of and interviews with the client. A detailed report with analysis would be written and reported constituting the study of this individual case. For example, an ethological study interaction of children as they play with each other may include measures of behavior durations i.e. the amount of time the children are engaged in a specified behavior. This measure of time would be quantitative. Observational research can be problematic if not conducted well. Clearly, there are many problems with internal validity. One can describe the individual(s) being observed but one cannot make any sort of causative conclusions based on the observations. Additionally, construct validity can be impacted by lack of background work before the observations or study, observer and experimenter biases or expectencies, etc. In developmental psychology, this form of research is often early work in the exploration of a developmental topic. In this research approach, behaviors are counted, correct answers or errors are counted, and other types of measures are recorded in terms of quantity. Observational research involves both experimental and non-experimental research. Ethical issues Observational research focus on protecting individuals that receive an intervention. For example, an intervention may involve training participants in group communication where a great deal of self-disclosure is required. Self-disclosure is a technique whereby people are encouraged to discuss their feelings, attitudes, and experiences (some of which may be quite personal). Does there searcher have the right to use such a treatment? Dealing with this question is a personal decision on the part of the researcher.
1. As a researcher, I am interested in learning whether or not there is a connection between sleep and test scores. I want to know if an increase in sleep improves test scores, for example. What type of research method would I use, and why? What ethical concerns might present an issue when conducting this type of research? True Experiments: The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study. However, this is not always the case. A true experiment is defined as an experiment conducted where an effort is made to impose control over all other variables except the one under study. It is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. True experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies. To understand the nature of the experiment, we must first define a few terms: Experimental or treatment group – this is the group that receives the experimental treatment i.e. the group that we use to examine the relationship between sleep and improvement of test scores, manipulation, or is different from the control group on the variable under study. Control group – this group is used to produce comparisons. The treatment of interest is deliberately withheld or manipulated to provide a baseline performance with which to compare the experimental or treatment group’s performance. Independent variable – this is the variable that the experimenter/researcher manipulates in a study. It can be any aspect of the environment that is empirically investigated for the purpose of examining its influence on the dependent variable which is the variable that is measured in a study. The experimenter does not control this variable. A major ethical concern would be double blind where by neither the subject nor the experimenter knows whether the subject is in the treatment of the control condition.
If I want to research whether or not a new medication has an effect on depression, and I want to compare the medication against a placebo, what research method might I use, and why? What ethical concerns might be an issue in this type of research? In the case of research to establish whether or not a new medication has an effect on depression Correlational research can be used as a good research method. In general, correlational research examines the co-variation of two or more variables. Correlational research can be accomplished by a variety of techniques which include the collection of empirical data. Often times, correlational research is considered a type of observational research as nothing is manipulated by the experimenter or individual conducting the research. The early studies on cigarette smoking did not manipulate how many cigarettes were smoked. The researcher only collected the data on the two variables. Nothing was controlled by the researchers and therefore, no cause and effect statements were made out. Further experimental research clearly demonstrated the negative effects of cigarette smoking. Correlational research is not causal research. In other words, we cannot make statements concerning cause and effect on the basis of this type of research. There are two major reasons why we cannot make cause and effect statements. First, we don’t know the direction of the cause. Second, a third variable may be involved of which we are not aware. An example may help clarify these points. In major clinical depressions, the neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine has been found to be depleted (Coppen, 1967; Schildkraut & Kety, 1967). In other words, low levels of these two neurotransmitters have been found to be associated with increased levels of clinical depression. However, while we know that the two variables covary – a relationship exists – we do not know if a causal relationship exists. Thus, it is unclear whether depletion in serotonin/norepinephrine cause depression or whether depression causes depletion is neurotransmitter levels. This demonstrates the first problem with correlational research; we don’t know the direction of the cause. Second, a third variable has been uncovered which may be affecting both of the variables under study. The number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron has been found to be increased in depression. Thus, it is possible that the increased number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron is actually responsible for the relationship between neurotransmitter levels and depression. As you can see from the discussion above, one cannot make a simple cause and effect statement concerning neurotransmitter levels and depression based on correlational research. To reiterate, it is inappropriate in correlational research to make statements concerning cause and effect. Correlational research is often conducted as exploratory or beginning research. Once variables have been identified and defined, experiments are conductable. Correlational research involves data that are recorded in narrative descriptions, not numbers. Researchers use correlational methods to observe and describe conditions rather than control them. A basic ethical principle for correlative researchers is this. Do not tamper with the natural setting or group under study.
REFERENCES
Wettlaufer, Alexandra K. (2003). In the mind’s eye : the visual impulse in Diderot, Baudelaire and Ruskin, pg. 257. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-1035-5.
The Secret Advantage Of Being Short by Robert Krulwich. All Things Considered, NPR.
Atkinson, Rita L.; Atkinson, Richard C.; Smith, Edward E. (March 1990). Introduction to psychology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 177–183. ISBN 978-0-15-543689-3.
Gordon B. (2005). Social cognition: understanding self and others. Guilford Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-59385-085-2.
Popper, Arthur N. (30 November 2010). Music Perception. Springer. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4419-6113-6.
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