SOCW-6051-6200-Wk4-Discussions

Discussion 1: Classism

 

Income and wages are measurable indicators of how prosperity is distributed amongst social class. Wealth, often determined by an individual’s net worth (assets minus liabilities), is another indicator that is used to determine class. Wealth for working class families is measured by their cars, savings, and home. As people improve their social and economic standing, wealth may include things like stocks and bonds, commercial real estate, and expensive jewelry.

 

Wealth is an important indicator because it spans past, present, and future generations. For example, compare the children of parents who can save money and leave an inheritance with children of parents who economically struggle and have few assets to pass on to the next generation. Historically, the creation and accumulation of wealth provides evidence of the legacy of racism, sexism, and discrimination and their role in determining class. Black/African Americans, women, and Hispanic/Latinos have historically been denied the means to obtain assets and grow wealth. Consider the impact of chronic marginalization on the Black/African American community’s ability to build wealth. While the income gaps between various ethnic groups may be decreasing, the gap between assets remains wide. Data from the Pew Research center show that the median wealth of Caucasian households is 20 times that of Black/African American households and 18 times that of Hispanic/Latinos households in the U.S. (Pew Research Center, 2011).

 

Class extends beyond wealth and other financial indicators. Class also includes details like the amount of free time you enjoy (because you are not working three jobs to make ends meet) or feeling like there is a “right” way to speak and act in order to be heard. For this Discussion, analyze how classism has impacted your life.

 

  1. ·      Post an analysis of how classism has factored into your life.
  2. ·      Then, explain a strategy you might use as a social worker to address the impact of class and class differences on the lives of your clients.

References (use 2 or more)

 

Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, C., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga, X. (Eds.). (2013). Readings for diversity and social justice. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Press.

 

 

Discussion 2: Power, Privilege, and Classism

Power, privilege, and classism are interconnected. The more privilege you enjoy, the more power you have to access opportunities that build wealth. The more wealth you can amass, the higher your social standing. It is important to note that having wealth is not an indictment. However, the privileges that have often led to inequalities in wealth distribution are real. As a social worker, you may find yourself working with clients who do not enjoy the privileges you knowingly or unknowingly enjoy. The more you understand your own relationship to power, privilege, and class, the better you will understand your clients’ realities. For this Discussion, review how classism is represented in the Hernandez family.

 

  1. ·      Post an explanation of how classism is demonstrated in the Hernandez video.
  2. ·      In your explanation, describe how power and privilege function to highlight classism in this case study.
  3. ·      Provide recommendations for how social workers might address issues of classism present in the Hernandez case and advocate for change and address classist policies in their agencies and society at large.

 

References (use 2 or more)

 

Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, C., Hackman, H. W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga, X. (Eds.). (2013). Readings for diversity and social justice. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Press.

 

Laureate Education (Producer). (2013). Hernandez Family(Episode 26) [Video file]. In Sessions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion 3 : Case Study Evaluation

 

Being too heavy or too thin, having a disability, being from a family with same-sex parents, having a speech impediment, being part of a low socioeconomic class—each of these is enough to marginalize (placing one outside of the margins of societal expectations) a child or adolescent. When children and adolescents are marginalized, they often experience consequences like lower self-esteem, performing poorly in school, or feeling depressed and anxious. In order for social workers to help facilitate positive change for their clients, they must be aware of the issues that can affect their healthy development. For this Discussion, review the case study Working With the Homeless Population: The Case of Diane and consider the issues within her

environment that serve to place her outside of the margins of society.

 

  1. ·      Post a brief explanation of the issues that place Diane outside of the margins of society.
  2. ·      Be sure to include an explanation about how these issues may have influenced her social development from infancy through adolescence. 
  3. ·      Also explain what you might have done differently had you been Diane’s social worker. Please use at least 2 Learning Resources to support your answer.

 

References

 

Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social work case studies: Foundation year. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].

Working With the Homeless Population: The Case of Diane

 

Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2016). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (10th ed.)Boston, MA:  Cengage Learning.

Chapter 4 (pp. 178-253)

 

 

Working With the Homeless Population: The Case of Diane

Diane is a 15-year-old, Caucasian female. She is a freshman at a new high school where she began 3 weeks into the semester. Her current residence is the homeless shelter in a local church. Diane’s teachers felt she was having difficulty adjusting to the new school because she sat with her head down and was very quiet, so they referred her to me. I am a school social worker, part of the child study team, and I regularly do social assessments on students to evaluate how they are functioning from a biopsychosocial perspective.

Upon first meeting with Diane, I noticed that her clothes were wrinkled and her hair seemed as if it had not been washed in some time. Eager to develop rapport, I introduced myself and explained my role at the school. Diane was quiet, with her eyes downcast and provided one-word answers to my questions. When I realized I was not building rapport, I gently asked how she was feeling, and she replied, “Awful.” I asked what was causing this feeling and she began to cry and inventoried what was upsetting her. She told me it was too difficult for her to shower at the shelter as there was a limited amount of time and some people took too long. She also reported that she felt so embarrassed about her appearance, she didn’t have any friends, she was lost in her classes, and her mother cried all the time. She explained that she had seen her mother abused many times, and they finally escaped and found “this church to help us.”

I was grateful that she opened up and realized that there were many issues to address. Recognizing that some of these were basic needs, I decided to first tackle her physiological needs to provide some relief, and then later I would address some of the other concerns, such as safety, her sense of belonging, and academic issues.

After learning Diane did not have lunch due to a lack of money, I got her some food from the cafeteria, and we began to develop a plan together. We drew a large circle and placed her name in the circle along with all the presenting problems she had named. We began with physiological needs. I gave her information about the free lunch program, explaining to her that other students would not know she was enrolled in it because she would have a cafeteria swipe card identical to everyone else’s. I also said that I would try to coordinate for her to shower in the girl’s locker room after school. This, however, would require interacting with other entities such as the shelter, school administration, and, of course, her mother. We drew circles around the large circle so I could show her all the interactions that needed to take place. We decided to check things off as we made progress. We set up weekly meetings for the next month to address and fine-tune these issues.

As the month progressed, Diane was coming to our meetings much more relaxed. She was enrolled in the free lunch program and was showering after gym class during her study hall. Once her physiological needs were being met, I noticed that her grades began to improve. I felt we could begin to address some of her social and emotional needs, such as developing friendships and healing from the abuse she witnessed.

Diane expressed interest in painting, and I mentioned the after-school art club that worked in the school studio and went to museums and galleries. Diane was interested in attending, and I thought that this was a good place for meeting potential friends. When I gently broached the subject about counseling, Diane became anxious. I gave her the hotline number and the location for the local domestic violence agency and told her that they offered free counseling services and had creative arts therapies, which would allow her to use her painting as an expression for her healing. I encouraged her to connect with the agency to see what it was like and to see the art therapy room.

Diane stops by my office less frequently now. Recently she informed me that after 6 months of counseling at the agency I recommended, she feels excited and empowered to make a difference for others. She signed up for the volunteer training at the domestic violence agency, and she wants to paint murals in the art therapy room. She recruited a friend from the art club to join in the training.

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two-page recommendations

Review the collateral information of Case Scenario 1. In the Assessment Data section, review the raw data of the MMPI-2. Appropriately interpret the scores. Based on your review of Therapeutic Risk Typologies, provide a one- to two-page recommendations report for child protective services.

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outline and essay

I need a original thesis/outline assignment that include a clear thesis statement with a clear ethical argument and an outline of your plan of support following the Rogerian Model of argument.

 

Ethical Essay Prompt

Topic: Human Responsibility for the Environment

Prompt: Write an ethical argument in which you address the question: “How far should humans go to protect the environment?”

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PSY 335

I have submitted a rough draft and received feedback from Professor please complete the assignment for Milestone 1 & 2 with suggested feedback along with added skills. Attached is a rough draft that has been submitted, feedback, rubric for the assignment. below is case study info.

 

Arthur A.

  • He is a 12 years old male boy in middle school. In this milestone and in psychological report writings, it is common to address his gender as this is a norm in all report writings.

1- Background Info: this contains all of his baseline behaviors, medical history, family settings and well-being at home. This document helps you to expand writing on the domain (II. Observations). A natural setting means that he is at the park and does whatever fitting and enjoyable for him, and behaves without being judged. A contrived setting would be that he knows what is expected of him but deliberately gets off task simply to annoy others in school. For the prompt question “How did the observed behaviors relate to the referral question?”, it means does his teachers and parents have similar observations of his impairments. You want to write what similarities and differences his parents vs. teacher notices about his behaviors (i.e. at school he is underperforming and displays inattentive behaviors which disrupts class, and at home he is getting more argumentative to the degree that there is family distress).

2- Classroom Observation:  it tracks his behaviors and academic involvement in English class. It makes notable observations of possible attention deficit and behavioral deficits, and indications of a possible diagnosis in this realm. This observation was done in a natural setting, tracking his behavioral strengths, weaknesses and baseline.

3- Drawing: when a patient is instructed to draw it is called a projective test. He was instructed to draw a person but opposed to drew something else instead. Usually when drawing is embedded in a testing phase, it is meant to reduces a child’s defense system. It also puts Arthur in a position to not be as hesitant to participate and start building rapport with the psychologist doing the assessment. This can be a contrived situation because he knew what was expected of him but did something else.

4- IQ & Achievement: this report goes over his WISC-IV domains, scores and purpose of test to measure his abilities to think and reason. If you read it thoroughly, it explains what each domain measures and how they are scored among child development. Go to page 3 and paraphrase his WISC-IV scores. Then go to page 4 and paraphrase his WIAT-II scores because these scores measure his academic abilities.

5- Parent Report: the official title/name of this report is called “BASC-2 Parent Rating Scale” and is related to mother’s input about his behaviors; this is an official psych test and not an observation. When you summarize about this test on all milestones please use the formal psychological test’s name. Go to pages 4-5 as it summarizes his scores based on the mother’s perspective about Arthur. Page 8 focuses on risk factors and likeliness for him to be diagnosed with the disorder on this title page. Doing so gives you the merit to conjure a fitting diagnosis based on this evidence. Page 9 focuses on treatment recommendations so Arthur can make improvements at home and school. Side note: pages 10-16 are not needed for our milestone but are vital clinical info if mom denies any discrepancies. Any psychologist can go back to pages 9-16 to show the team how his mother provided input. This is not to denounce his mother in any way but also shows you how the test has validity and reliability. Questions are asked in the same way but the sentence structure/theme is just rearranged to ensure that the test maintains accuracy and deters bias.

***6- Test Results: this is the most comprehensive psychological report done by your boss, Dr. Saxe, and it includes core tests that Arthur participated on (i.e. WISC, WJ-IV, KTEA, BASC). Starting on page 2, look to the right of this report and review the ‘Classification’ scores. It notates Average, Below Average, etc. This will help you to see the test results in a better perspective and cuts out the clinical jargon.

7- Teacher Rating: the official test name is called the “BASC-2, Teacher Rating Scale” so please introduce the formal test name on all milestones. This is the BASC-2 version but coming from teacher’s perspective about his academic well-being. Read pages 4, 5, and 7 and summarize the results; there is one behavioral discrepancy that the teacher noted which does not align w/mother’s BASC-2 Parent Rating Scale. Although teachers can never diagnose a student, page 8 allows the teacher to see how their input on the test relates to a potential clinical diagnosis and/or related services. Page 9 are possible treatment recommendations how the school can further support Arthur on his academics. Side note: pages 10-17 are not needed for the milestone but in a real life meeting, if the teacher had a rebuttal then you can direct the team to look at the discrepancies. This also ensures reliability and validity, and deters testing bias.

8- Psy 335 Arthur A. Test Results Revised: do not use this file. This psychological report has the same info as (#6: Test Results) but just formatted shorter at 9 pages. I apologize for the duplicate.

9- Test observations: these are notes that the psychologist, Dr. Saxe, made about Arthur during the testing procedures. You are summarizing the outcomes about this observation into all milestones.

*NOTE 1: APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists & Code of Conduct: this website is linked in our mod 1 folder but can be easily accessed by clicking the hyperlink title instead. On the 4-2 prompt it asks you how the APA ethical codes relate to assessments. Scroll down to Section 9, review 9.01 to 9.11 then pick three notable ethical codes that best fits such as not using outdated tests, how results will be shared w/his family and school teachers, etc. 9.03 of Informed Consent does not apply on 4-2 as he already took the psych tests. The citation should be: (American Psychological Association, 2017); see my APA Cafe for the short-hand citation. Please do not regurgitate the same ethical themes you already mentioned on 2-2.

*NOTE 2: remember to cite at least 3 scholarly sources into 4-2.

*NOTE 3: on 4-2 do not reiterate any diagnostic findings as of yet even though the files above may imply it ongoing. Here is my rationale: in the DSM-5, we as clinicians are no longer diagnosing children with a Learning Disorder (i.e. Dyslexic, Mathematic Disorder, Reading Disorder, etc.); it was eliminated and recategorized as of 2013 and now lumped altogether. The new diagnosis is termed as (315.00) Specific Learning Disorder and there is only a sub-specification if the child has a disorder strictly related to reading, writing and math deficiencies. The term former term Learning Disability is also not a clinical diagnosis so it should not be implied nor written on any milestone. While I get that a K-12 educational team may use the term Learning Disability/Learning Disorder interchangeably to imply there is an academic deficit, it is not a clinical diagnosis nor does it have any bearing in the psychological testing process. The psychologist has to rationalize all clinical findings based on the test results that the patient, family and teacher produced, then summarize it. The psychologist also has to take ownership of the diagnosis and ensure that it is a valid DSM-5 diagnosis. On 6-2 we will formally diagnose him and it will be a graded requirement.

*NOTE 4: the piecing of 4-2 shows how well you can critically analyze by taking large chunks of data and conceptualize it into a summarized writing about the situation, then apply how psychometric properties are used to support Arthur. We are now analyzing all of the 7 psych tests, extracting the data, then summarizing the findings in a concise manner. The info on 4-2 will help you piece the puzzle together so that this milestone scales up towards 7-2.

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Magellan Cans assessment

Alex is a 15-year-old male, recently discharged after a thirty-day stay in an in-patient psychiatric hospital. He was hospitalized because he heard voices telling him “terrible things about himself” and telling him to kill himself. He reported this to the school social worker who notified his parents. He was taken from school to the hospital. Alex presents as depressed and withdrawn, but will engage in one-on-one interaction with an adult. Alex has been telling people that he has been hearing voices since he was 5 years old. The parents have expressed their gratitude to the school personnel for believing Alex and responding quickly because when he has said similar things at home, they didn’t know what to do. Now they are worried that they might not be able to keep him safe at home.

Alex lives with his mother, father, and two older sisters. It is a loving family with close emotional ties. All of the children are kind, obedient, and care about other people. Alex’s mother has severe mental illness and is often overwhelmed by Alex’s needs which causes a lot of stress in their family. She says she feels a special connection to Alex because she can relate to his feelings of being unable to escape the ‘voices in his head’. Alex’s older sisters have also struggled with mental health issues in the past. Alex has no relatives in the area and the family has no child care resources.

Although his family has moved many times over the past few years, Alex has remained enrolled in the same school district. He exhibits no behavioral problems at school but he often responds verbally to his auditory hallucinations. In addition, these hallucinations make it difficult for him to concentrate which has impacted his grades. While he has educational goals appropriate for a tenth-grader, he is currently struggling to complete his requirements. He also often comes to school in the same clothes, which appear unwashed, several days a week. The teacher has expressed concern because he is regularly teased by other children. The teacher and the school social worker have met with Alex’s parents who have a hard time understanding the immediate risk that Alex’s hallucinations pose for him. Alex has no friends at school but is interacts well with all staff. He attends school regularly.

Alex and his family have been seen at the same clinic for the past four years. His mother was recently referred to a treatment program that she attends Monday through Friday during the day and is doing well. In an effort to get good housing in a safe neighborhood, the family has moved six times in the past 18 months. The family receives financial assistance through programs such as Section 8 benefits, SSI, and food stamps and is able to provide for the basic needs of their family.

When Alex was six years old, he witnessed the shooting of his uncle in front of their house. His uncle died on the sidewalk. The police questioned Alex a number of times about the incident. He experienced sleeplessness consistently for months after the incident and still does periodically. He will randomly ask his parents if they remember “when Uncle Sammy got killed.” He sometimes refers to the ‘voices in his head’ as Uncle Sammy’s killers who tell him he is to blame for Sammy being killed.

Place ratings in the section that are marked red

 

Put rating (number) next to each.

0. No evidence of need

 

1. History or   Suspicion

 

2. Action Needed, Need   interferes with Functioning

 

3. Immediate Action   Needed, Need is dangerous or disabling

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Week 2 Discussion

Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resources on your own before you bid. You need to have scholarly support for any claim of fact or recommendation regarding treatment. Grammar, Writing, and APA Format: I expect you to write professionally, which means APA format, complete sentences, proper paragraphs, and well-organized and well-documented presentation of ideas. Remember to use scholarly research from peer-reviewed articles that is current. Sources such as Wikipedia, Ask.com, PsychCentral, and similar sites are never acceptable. Please follow the instructions to get full credit for the discussion. I need this completed by 09/07/20 at 5pm.

Discussion – Week 2

Developing the Classification System of Disorders

If you were to give a box of 100 different photographs to 10 people and ask them to sort them into groups, it is very unlikely that all 10 people will sort them into the exact same groups. However, if you were to give them a series of questions or a classification system to use, the chances that all 10 people sort them exactly the same increases depending on the specificity of the system and the knowledge of those sorting the implements.

This is not unlike what has occurred in the process of classifying mental disorders. A system that provides enough specificity to appropriately classify a large variety of mental disorders while also attempting to include all of the possible symptoms, many of which can change over time, is a daunting task when used by a variety of specialists, doctors, and other professionals with varied experience, cultures, expertise, and beliefs. The DSM has undergone many transformations since it was first published in 1952. Many of these changes occurred because the uses for the DSM changed. However, the greatest changes began with the use of extensive empirical research to guide the creation of the classification system and its continued revisions.

In this Discussion, you will explore the development history of the DSM system. In addition, you will consider the impact the classification system has had on diagnosed populations.

To prepare for the Discussion:

· Review this week’s Learning Resources.

· Consider how the APA developed the classification system of disorders for the DSM.

· From a historical perspective, consider whether the diagnosis of mental health disorders has led to better outcomes or marginalization of diagnosed populations.

By Day 3

Post a response to the following prompts:

  • Provide a brief summary of the process of development      of the DSM system of diagnosis.
  • Share something that surprised you about the      development of the DSM-5.
  • Describe one example of how the classification system      of disorders in the DSM-5 has marginalized or      pathologized diagnosed populations historically or currently.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.

Required Resources

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Section      III, “Cultural Formulation”
  • Appendix, “Glossary of Cultural Concepts of      Distress”

Kress, V. E., & Paylo, M. J. (2019). Treating those with mental disorders: A comprehensive approach to case conceptualization and treatment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

  • Chapter 2, “Real World Treatment Planning:      Systems, Culture, and Ethics”

Hargett, B. (2020). Disparities in diagnoses: Considering racial and ethnic youth groups. North Carolina Medical Journal, 81(2), 126-129. doi:10.18043/ncm.81.2.126

 

Toscano, M. E., & Maynard, E. (2014). Understanding the link: “Homosexuality,” gender identity, and the DSMJournal of LGBT Issues in Counseling8(3), 248–263. doi:10.1080/15538605.2014.897296

Aftab, A. (2019). Social misuse of disorder designation, part 1: Conceptual defenses. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/dsm-5/social-misuse-disorder-designation-part-i-conceptual-defenses

American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). DSM history. Retrieved December 10, 2019, from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/history-of-the-dsm

Spiegel, A. (2004). The dictionary of disorder: How one man revolutionized psychiatry. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/01/03/the-dictionary-of-disorder

Required Media

Walden University (Producer). (2019c). Social misuse of diagnosis: Pathologizing marginalized populations. Minneapolis, MN: Author.

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psychology discussion questions

Please feel free to discuss any other material that you feel is relevant and interests you.  In addition, respond to, at least, one or two posts from other students.

1.  Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is popular in developmental psychology.  Discuss his theory and apply his concepts to your own lifespan development.

2.  Discuss the various styles of attachment and how they influence romantic love, as well as parenting styles.  Try to apply the styles to your own life experiences.

3.  What do you think it will be like to grow older in our society?  What are the implications and consequences for the elderly?  Since we are New Yorkers, what do you think it is like to grow old in an urban environment, as compared to a suburban or rural environment?

Chapter 10 – Lifespan Development II

1.  Discuss Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, and how you think it applies to other cultures.  What do you think of the possible gender bias of Kohlberg’s theory?  Try to give both cultural and gender examples.

2.  Discuss both or either of the neurodevelopmental disorders, in our chapter, that interest you.  Do you think ADHD is over diagnosed? Why or why not?  Are vaccines related to ASD? Should parents not vaccinate their children? Why or why not?

3.  Discuss John Gottman’s Seven Basic Principles of enduring love.  Apply them to yourself and an important love relationship in your life.

4.  Our final topic for developmental psychology is thanatology; the study of death and dying.  To paraphrase Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, “for when you live as if you’ll live forever, it becomes easy to postpone things you must do, and when you understand that each day could be your last, you take the time to grow, to become aware of whom you really are and to reach out to others.”  How do you think this quote influences your life?  What are your thoughts on death and dying?

Please read attachment of the overview of chapter 5 and 6, then answer the questions.

Is a college psychology online class discussion, so don’t have to use really complicated words and each question please answer in 2-3 sentences

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Philosophy writing reflection help

Hello I have six writing reflections for Philosophy (Introduction to Ethical Theories). You can choose to write a reflection on any of Theories/Readings on the syllabus attached at the bottom. One of the six essays must be on Emotivism “A Critique of Ethics” – Ayer. Each essay must be 250- 400 words. Please follow the instructions in the Reading Reflection & Example that’s attached. I’ve also attached the Course Book, and Supplementary material. I can afford to pay $80 for all six essays. Please let me know if you can help.

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PSY 200 5-2 Prevention Program: Final Presentation

Create a small prevention program that  could be implemented at a health fair, at a workplace, or in a school.  The goal of this assignment is to articulate the social, biological, and  psychological consequences of addictive behaviors to an at-risk  population and contextualize issues of addiction in historical and  social frameworks.
For this presentation, you will present your complete prevention program.
The presentation should include 7–10 slides (not counting title slide  and references slide) with speaker notes to address the following  topics:

  • Population that is at risk
  • Addiction and the effects that this addiction has on the individual, family, workplace, and community
  • A look at the history and social frameworks of this addiction and the at-risk population
  • Where is the best place to implement this program?
  • How will you measure success for this prevention program?
  • Could you apply this prevention program within your real life and community? If so, will you, and if not, why not?

An effective presentation will include:

  • Dynamic formatting of the slides
  • Appropriate images, charts, graphs, and so on
  • Clean bullets points that do not give too much information per slide
  • Use of the speaker notes section to clearly define the bullets of the slide and provide reference to cited material

View this example prevention program.
For additional details, please refer to the Prevention Program Final  Project Guidelines and Rubric document in the Assignment Guidelines and  Rubrics section of the course.

teacher comments:

for grading and comments. Thanks, -Overall, you slides were very basic. Add more dynamically to  the presentation by adding pictures to support each area. Be sure to  cover all the important aspects of development and address them through  the literature available on the subjects. Please see specific comments  above.

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PSYCH/655 Week Two Reliability and Validity Worksheet

Title

ABC/123 Version X

1
  Reliability and Validity Worksheet

PSYCH/655 Version 3

1

University of Phoenix Material

Reliability and Validity Worksheet

Instrument Reliability

reliable instrument is one that is consistent in what it measures. If, for example, an individual scores highly on the first administration of a test and if the test is reliable, he or she should score highly on a second administration.

Imagine that you are conducting a study for which you must develop a test in mathematics for 7th-grade students. You develop a 30-point test and distribute it to a class of 12, 7th-grade students. You then administer the test again one month later to the day. The scores of the students on the two administrations of the test are listed below. Use Microsoft® Excel® or IBM® SPSS® to create a scatterplot with the provided scores, formatted as shown in the example graph. What observations can you make about the reliability of this test? Explain.

30-POINT TEST 30-POINT TEST

(FIRST ADMINISTRATION) (SECOND ADMINISTRATION)

A 17 15_______________

B 22 18_______________

C 25 21_______________

D 12 15_______________

E 7 14_______________

F 28 27_______________

G 27 24_______________

H 8 5_______________

I 21 25_______________

J 24 21_______________

K 27 27_______________

L 21 19_______________

image1.png

What Kind of Validity Evidence: Content-Related, Criterion-Related or Construct-Related?

valid instrument is one that measures what it says it measures. Validity depends on the amount and type of evidence there is to support one’s interpretations concerning data that has been collected. This week, you discussed three kinds of evidence that can be collected regarding validity: content-related, criterion-related, and construct-related evidence.

Each question below represents one of these three evidence types. In the space provided, write content if the question refers to content-related evidence, criterion if the question related to criterion-related evidence, and construct if the question refers to construct-related evidence of validity.

1. How strong is the relationship between the students’ scores obtained using this instrument and their teacher’s rating of their ability?

2. How adequately do the questions in the instrument represent that which is being measured?

3. Do the items that the instrument contains logically reflect that which is being measured?

4. Are there a variety of different types of evidence (test scores, teacher ratings, correlations, etc.) that all measure this variable?

5. How well do the scores obtained using this instrument predict future performance?

6. Is the format of the instrument appropriate?

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