This week we will explore the question, “In what ways, under what circumstances, and with which clients should we use prayer in Christian counseling?” You will discuss in-depth the ways in which prayer in counseling is an effective approach to true self-change.

The online lectures and McMinn suggested some “cautions” or possible negative impacts when using prayer and Scripture in counseling.  The importance of those cautions may be better understood in seeking to apply prayer and scripture with a client.  Read the case study below and respond to the following:

1. What would you consider the most therapeutic use of prayer with this client?  Why?

2.  What would you consider to be the most therapeutic use of Scripture with this client?  Why?

3.  As you consider the integration of psychology and theology, discuss how you would integrate theology into this case.  What aspects from psychology would you bring into this case?

4.  How do your responses to the first two questions mesh with your response to the third?  Do they integrate?

Case Study:
Mary is a 28-year-old woman who was referred to counseling as part of her discharge plan from a local psychiatric facility to which she was admitted as a result of a suicide attempt.  She was diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder.  There was also suspicion that she might have Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).  Mary’s father sexually molested her throughout her childhood.  He was a pastor and would often quote from the Bible as justification for his abuse of her in an attempt to keep her quiet, such as “Honor your father and mother” (Exodus 20:12).  At one point when she was approximately 14 years old, Mary became pregnant by her father.  When she suffered a miscarriage at the hospital, she disclosed the repeated rapes by her father, and when the doctor at the hospital made the appropriate referrals to police and social services, Mary was placed in foster care.  Mary still reads her Bible regularly; however, she questions why God would allow her father to do what he did to her.  During counseling, she told the therapist that she was still a believer, but that there was a great distance between her and God.

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THIS IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DISCUSSION AND THE DIRECTIONS FOR THE ASSIGNMENT ARE BELOW. THIS IS A TWO-PART ASSIGNMENT. PRICE WILL BE FOR BOTH. THE DISCUSSION IS DUE WEDNESDAY AND THE ASSIGNMENT IS DUE SATURDAY AND BOTH BY 10 PM PLEASE.

 

Instruction: Listen to each of the four phone messages. Choose from among the terms provided that might be applied to the individual or situation within the audio recording. The terms include: Alcoholic Dependent Functional Recovering Abuse Addict Social user Defense mechanism Tolerance Withdrawal Note that for this discussion you are not being asked to diagnose the individual on the telephone call or the person he or she is calling to discuss, but merely to demonstrate your understanding of common terms in the field of addictions. There are no right or wrong answers. Post by Day 4 a description of one of the scenarios using two or more of the terms provided. Provide your rationale for the selection of these terms. Finally, select one term that might be applicable across multiple scenarios and explain why.

THIS IS THE PHONE MESSAGE FOR THE DISCUSSION

There were 4 messages and I know you cannot hear them, so I am explaining one to elaborate on. (There is a young college girl who got caught smoking pot by her stepdad and got defensive and denies that she has a problem. She claims it helps her to relax while studying for exams and he is only mad because she spent the money he had given her already. She is blaming it on school cost and the fact that she lives off campus.)

 

THIS IS THE REQUIRED READING FOR THE DISCUSSION& THE ASSIGNMENT.

 

Week 1: The Field of Addictions

Substance related and addictive disorders have a long and complex history. There is evidence that shows that some Peruvians in the 1450s deliberately ingested charred oyster shells to slow down the absorption rate of cocaine found in cocoa leaves (Inaba & Cohen, 2007). And early American colonists viewed alcohol as a healthy substance with curative capabilities. But terminology and our understanding of addiction have changed over time. One has only to look at how terminology surrounding alcohol has evolved over the years in the United States alone to see how attitudes toward substance use have changed, from “temperance as moderation” in the 1820s to “temperance as abstinence” in the 1840s.

Likewise, gambling goes back to ancient times. In many instances, it was also considered illegal. The Roman Emperor Augustus was believed to have had a gambling addiction, yet he imposed laws that prohibited gambling except during Saturnalia, a week-long festival honoring the God of Saturn.

This week, you apply terminology related to addictions. You also examine historical events and emerging trends in the field of addictions.

References

Inaba, D. S., & Cohen, W. E. (2007). Uppers, downers, all-arounders (6th ed.). Medford, OR: CNS Productions, Inc.

History of Gambling. (n.d.). The popularity of gambling in ancient cultures. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from  http://www.thehistoryofgambling.com/

Learning Objectives

Students will:

· Apply terminology related to addictions

· Analyze historical events contributing to the field of addictions

· Analyze trends related to the field of addictions

 

Learning Resources

Note:  To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Miller, G. (2015). Learning the language of addiction counseling (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

· Chapter 1, “Introduction” (pp. 1–7)

 

Focus on the influences of addiction.

 

Barry, C. L., Huskamp, H. A., & Goldman, H. H. (2010). A political history of federal mental health and addiction insurance parity. The Milbank Quarterly, 88(3), 404– 433.

 

Focus on the factors instrumental in eliminating the differences in insurance coverage for mental health and addiction treatment.

 

Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233– 241.

 

Focus on the terminology and how behavioral addictions and substance use disorders are alike. Note their differences from obsessive-compulsive disorder

 

Lee, P. R., Lee, D. R., & Lee, P. (2010). 2010: U.S. drug and alcohol policy, looking back and moving forward. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 99–114.

 

Focus on how language can play a role in the public’s understanding of addictions, dependencies, and diseases.

 

National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment. (2004). Substance use disorders: A guide to the use of language. Farmington, CT: Author. Retrieved from NAABT website: http://naabt.org/documents/Languageofaddictionmedicine.pdf

 

Focus on how language can play a role in the public’s understanding of addictions, dependencies, and diseases.

 

Required Media

 

Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Addictions terminology [Video file]. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu

 

“Addictions Terminology” Transcript

 

Optional Resources

 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006). Definitions and terms relating to co-occurring disorders. Rockville, MD: Author. Retrieved from Addiction Treatment Forum website: http://www.atforum.com/pdf/DefinitionsandTerms-OP1-4.pdf

 

 

Harrington, M., Robinson, J., Bolton, S., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. M. (2011). A longitudinal study of risk factors for incident drug use in adults: Findings from a representative sample of the U.S. population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(11), 686–695.

 

 

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.d.). About NIDA. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida

 

Focus on the resources this website offers to addictions professionals

 

 

White, W. L. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use by addictions professionals: Historical reflections and suggested guidelines. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 26(4), 500–535.

 

Focus on the ethical, legal, and clinical issues surrounding a person’s right to personal privacy as it relates to professional duties and obligations.

 

 

THIS IS THE DISCUSSION DUE ON 3/3/21 BY 10PM

 

Discussion: Terminology Related to Addictions

Consider this passage from a psychology textbook, Ethical Conflicts in Psychology (Bersoff, 2008): “The method of adjudication for a recommended sanction of expulsion issued under Subsection 7.5 of this part is a formal hearing before a three-member Hearing Committee.”

This passage is not meant to be understood in the context of this course, but to demonstrate that, similar to the field of ethics in psychology, the field of addictions also has its own terminology employed by professionals. For example, although the terms alcohol abuse and alcohol dependent sound familiar, they have very specific and important differences in meanings within the field of psychology, and depending on which term is applied to an individual, it may affect everything from screening to treatment. Everyone may not agree on definitive definitions of terms because there are many gray areas and degrees of addiction. There are also many perspectives regarding commonly used operational definitions of terms. Even so, addictions professionals need to be familiar with the terminology of their field in order to practice effectively.

To prepare for this Discussion:

· Review Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling, Chapter 1, “Introduction.”

· Review the articles “Introduction to Behavioral Addictions” and “Substance Use Disorders: A Guide to the Use of Language.”

· Listen to the media titled Addictions Terminology, featuring four scenarios of individuals making telephone calls to addictions professionals.

· Choose one of the four scenarios to discuss.

· Choose from among the following terms that might be applied to individuals or situations in the audio recordings: (Note that not all of the terms will be used.)

· Problematic use

· Alcoholic

· Dependent

· Functional

· Recovering

· Abuse

· Addict

· Social user

· Defense mechanism

· Tolerance

· Withdrawal

Note:  In this Discussion, you are not being asked to diagnose the individual on the telephone call or the person he or she is calling to discuss, but merely to demonstrate your understanding of common terms in the field of addictions. There are no right or wrong answers.

The media is only a demonstration and does not simulate real-life scenarios. Remember that while you are not diagnosing the individual on the telephone call, if this were a real situation, the person who is answering the call, some cases, is committing a  HIPAA  violation by speaking with someone other than the person with the problem.

By Day 4

Post a description of one of the scenarios using two or more of the terms provided. Provide your rationale for selection of these terms. Finally, select one term that might be applicable across multiple scenarios and explain why.

Be specific and use the week’s Learning Resources in your Response.

By Day 6

Respond to at least one of your colleagues who used a term other than the ones you used in one or more of the following ways:

· Offer polite agreement or disagreement with the usage of the term and explain why.

· Reply using a term from this week’s Learning Resources not included in the list provided.

· Expand on your colleague’s posting.

 

 

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS DUE SATURDAY 3/6/21 BY 11 PM

 

Assignment: Significant Events in the Field of Addictions

The history of the field of addictions brings to mind the idiom “all or nothing.” In earlier times, moderation appeared to have few proponents. The pilgrims in the United States widely accepted drinking as healthy. By the early 1800s, clergymen ushered in the temperance movement, which stigmatized drinkers as “corrupt.” Acceptability of practices such as drinking is one aspect of significance in the field of addictions that has evolved over time. Other considerations include types of addictions, treatment, intervention, and populations engaging in addictive behavior.

Familiarity with historical events in the field of addictions provides addictions professionals with a foundation for understanding emerging trends.

To prepare for this Assignment, read the following articles from the Learning Resources:

· “A Political History of Federal Mental Health and Addiction Insurance Parity”

· “2010: U.S. Drug and Alcohol Policy, Looking Back and Moving Forward”

· Optional readings as you see necessary

By Day 7

Submit a 2- to 4-page paper that includes the following:

· Describe two historical events that you believe contributed most to the field of addictions.

· Explain the contribution of each event to the contemporary field of addictions.

· Explain why you chose each event as being one of the most significant.

· Research two websites dedicated to some aspect of the field of addictions (see Learning Resources for ideas). Analyze 2–3 trends that emerged from your review.

· Cite the sources you used following APA guidelines.

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There needs to be a seperate response to each peer’s posting and it needs to be supported with at least two references for each peer’s posting.

 

1^st Peer Posting

 

What differences do you note between efficacy research and program evaluation?

 

 

 

The difference between efficacy research and program evaluation is the scientific aspect. Program evaluations “primary purpose is to provide data that can be used by decision makers to make valued judgements about the processes and outcomes of a program (Sherpis, Young, & Daniels, 2010). Therefore, letting the agency know what needs to be changed in the program to make the program effective to their clientele.  Efficacy research based on empirical data which is an essential to the scientific method. Therefore, efficacy research is where clients are in controlled environments and interventions can be tested.

 

 

 

What are the key strengths of efficacy research?

 

 

 

The key strength of efficacy research is the scientific process. In the article, The Efficacy of Child Parent Relationship Therapy for Adopted Children with Attachment Disruptions, the researcher wanted to test the child parent relationship therapy (CPRT) which “is an empirically based, manualized counseling intervention for children presenting with a range of social, emotional, and behavioral issues” (Cranes-Holt, & Bratton, 2014). The purpose was to test this theory on adoptive families. Thus, a control group was designed to test CPRT. The researcher used the Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Version (CBCL) and the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction (MEACI). These are both empirical test, the CBCL measures the parents of the child’s behavior problems; whereas, the MEACI is an operational measure that defines empathy between the parents and the child while playing. These tests are conducted in control environments where no outside distractions are permitted and the hypothesis of the researcher can be tested.

 

What are the key strengths of program evaluation?

 

 

 

The key strength of the program evaluation is the clients are the people who are participating in the program evaluation and whether the interventions used are effective for them. Thus, this lets the research know what changes are needed for the agency to be successful. Therefore, surveys are used to collect data for the participants, the parents, are people that work with the clients or caregivers with the client. This give the ideas of opinions of the people directly or indirectly receiving services. In the article, Evaluating Batter Counseling Programs: A Difficult Task Showing Some Effects and Implications, a multisite evaluation was done and the participants were “administered a uniform set of background questionnaire, personality inventory (MCMI-III; Millon, 1994), and alcohol test (MAST; Selzer, 1971)” (Gondolf, 2004). Therefore, given the research opinions of the clientele over the four sites and let the researcher know what treatment is working and not working. Therefore, the conclusion of the program evaluation “the batterer programs, in our evaluation, appear to contribute to this outcome— there is a ‘‘program effect.’’ (Gondolf, 2004).  “Referral to the gender-based, cognitive–behavioral programs, moreover, seems to be appropriate for the majority of men” (Gondolf, 2004).

 

What contribution does each of these types of research make to the counseling field?

 

The contribution that efficacy research makes to the counseling field is that there is scientific data that the interventions used with the client will work; if they are utilized correctly by the client. Efficacy research gives the counselor confidence in providing treatment inventions for the client because it will help in the client’s mental health. Program evaluations aid the counselor in what intervention are working and not working for the client population they serve. Program evaluations make sure the agency has the client’s best interest in mind and the agency is using the best intervention and treatment planning to service their client. Program evaluation helps the counselor increase their knowledge base of treatment, interventions, assessments, and diversity for the clients they serve. “Counselors recognize the need for continuing education to acquire and maintain a reasonable level of awareness of current scientific and professional information in their fields of activity. Counselors maintain their competence in the skills they use, are open to new procedures, and remain informed regarding best practices for working with diverse populations” (APA, 2014).

 

 

 

What is a point from any of the articles that you can apply in your current work setting or your ideal counseling fieldwork setting?

 

 

 

A main point that stood out to this learner was the subjectivity of the program evaluation. “Evaluation is, consequently, not an objective or purely scientific process that produces unbiased and conclusive results”. In this view, a program evaluation is a process with a subjective outcome”. This the research must be careful not to impose if owes values and views when evaluating a program from interpreting the data that is given. According to ACA Code of Ethics (2014), standard a.4.b. states “Counselors are aware of—and avoid imposing—their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Counselors respect the diversity of clients, trainees, and research participants and seek training in areas in which they are at risk of imposing their values onto clients, especially when the counselor’s values are inconsistent with the client’s goals or are discriminatory in nature”.

 

 

 

References

 

American Counseling Association (2014). Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.

 

Cranes-Holt, K., & Bratton, S.C. (2014). The Efficacy of Child Parent Relationship Therapy for

 

Adopted Children with Attachment Disruptions. Journal of Counseling & Development,

 

92(3), 328-337. doi: 10.1002/j.1556.6676.2014.00160.x

 

Gondolf, E. W. (2004). Evaluating Batter Counseling Programs: A Difficult Task Showing

 

Some Effects and Implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(6), 605-631. doi:

 

10.1016/j.avb.2003.06.001

 

Sherpis, Young, & Daniels (2010). Current View: US Counseling Research: Quantitative,

 

Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. [Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from:

 

https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128015/cfi/0

 

 

 

2^nd Peer Posting

 

U1D1_KDM Powell_Comparing Efficacy Research and Program Evaluation

 

Differences

 

In working with efficacy research, involves general investigation to resolve the analysis of whether a certain program is effective (Royce, Thayer & Padgett, 2016) Evaluation of a program involves assessing whether the program is supplying what is needed by the client attain their goals (Royce, Thayer, & Padgett, 2016). Each has the purpose for a variety of reasons. Program evaluations are practical is do not rely on theory or academics to be performed and can evaluated for one person or a group (Royce, Thayer, & Padgett, 2016). The effectiveness of research offers the research the answers to understand if a program is doing what it was set out to do. The effectiveness or usefulness of a program can mean the difference between expanding a program or creating change.  Program evaluation looks at the efficacy of the research to determine if information supplied can be utilized in the program. With this in mind a program can be made better which ultimately make the people involved in the program get better service toward their needs.

 

Key strengths

 

Efficacy research digs deep through a process and looks at certain information presented can be something meaningful or misguided. The amount of information that is available can offer a clearer view of the course of actions that can be followed to make success of a client’s life in the participation of a program. The amount of research compiled offers information as to what are the pitfalls or viable assets to a program because if the research was done correct is could be replicated and come to the same conclusion which would produce validity in what found (Royce, Thayer & Padgett, 2016).  Understanding how the research was handled and what is revealed within that research can be effectively used as a viable representation to be used in future research.

 

In the regards to program evaluation, the program that may work in one setting may not work another setting even though client’s may have the same or similar program (Royce, Thayer, & Padgett, 2016). Program evaluation looks at how the program may relate to the clients in that particular setting. As mention with this evaluation, change can occur to be more beneficial. The developers and facilitators of a program can review if the interventions are used are what is best for their client population. Also, having the program based on research can assess what research was used to based their decision on the interventions being used.

 

Contribution

 

There are so many programs out there just as there is research out there. There are options that can be utilized to help in the counseling. There is one specific thing that stands out as being definitive in how and what interventions being used.  Gondolf (2004) maintains that what makes how effective a program is based on the interventions incorporated in the program.  Research and evaluation can set a program a part from all others. Gondolf (2004) believed that defining a program is a major issue. With use of research and evaluation, defining the program can dictate which client based that would be better served, the most suitable setting and effectiveness of the programs as whole.

 

Point

 

Information that is out there about evaluation of programs may not be entirely truthful. Gondolf (2004) expressed that producing definitive results can be overwhelming but also the results can be fabricated to produce validation. There should be consideration as to how the results are interpreted based on the research. Sometimes is good to do one’s own research and evaluation. Relying solely on other’s research and evaluation could put the good that one is trying to at risk as well as one’s reputation.

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In this assignment you will learn to identify the components of classical conditioning in real life situations. Please identify appropriate components in each of the situations listed below and write two paragraph summary sharing what you learned in this assignment.

1. Geraldine had an automobile accident at the corner of 32nd Street and Cherry Avenue. Whenever she approaches the intersection now, she begins to feel uncomfortable; her heart begins to beat faster, she gets butterflies in her stomach, and her palms become sweaty.
US:
UR:
CS:
CR:
2. Calvin was chased and assaulted by an aggressive rooster when he was just barely three years old. As an adult he still gets little blips in his stomach when he hears the word rooster, and he claims that birds make him nervous.
US:
UR:
CS:
CR:
Why do all birds make Calvin nervous?
Why does the word “rooster” cause him to have belly blips?
3. When Jim met Judy, it was love at first sight. Jim cannot explain why it is that Judy turns him on because he knows girls that are prettier and who have more outstanding personalities. At their wedding, a perceptive family friend commented that there is something about Judy that reminds her of Jim’s mother; maybe it is the way she smiles, or the pattern of freckles across her nose.
US:
UR:

This assignment must be submitted in “doc” or “ docx.” format. Additionally, it must be typed, double spaced, Times New Roman font (size 12), one inch margins on all sides. Type the question followed by your answer to the question. A title page is to be included. The title page is to contain the title of the assignment, your name, the instructor’s name, the course title, and the date. All assignments must be submitted in “Blackboard by by clicking on the Assignment link under the appropriate weekly unit and clicking on Browse to attach your work as a .doc or .docx.

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Mr. Byrne can’t understand why scolding his seventh-grade students for disruptive classroom behaviors make them more unruly. Explain Mr. Byrnes predicament in terms of operant conditioning principles. Show how he could use operant conditioning techniques to (a) reduce disruptive behaviors and (b) increase cooperative behaviors.

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