1. The “Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling” were developed by which of the following divisions of the American Counseling Association?a.Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counselingb.Association for Religion, Philosophy, and Spirituality in Counselingc.American Pastoral Counselors Associationd.There is not a division of the American Counseling Association that developed these competencies.

2 points  

QUESTION 2

1. The first person to introduce the subjects of consciousness, spiritualism, and psychical research into the mental health fields was:a.Carl Jungb.Abraham Maslowc.William Jamesd.Sigmund Freud

2 points  

QUESTION 3

1. The core practice of transpersonal counseling includes which of the following:a.Mindfulnessb.Yogac.Biofeedbackd.All of the above

2 points  

QUESTION 4

1. Which of the following is one of the “Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling”?a.The professional counselor can describe the similarities and differences between spirituality and religion, including the basic beliefs of various spiritual systems, major world religions, agnosticism, and atheism.b.The professional counselor recognizes that the client’s beliefs (or absence of beliefs) about spirituality and/or religion are central to his or her worldview but cannot influence psychosocial functioning.c.The professional counselor can identify the limits of his or her understanding of the client’s spiritual and/or religious perspective and is acquainted with religious and spiritual resources, including leaders, who can join in counseling sessions with the counselor and client.d.All of the above

2 points  

QUESTION 5

1. The family life spiral is:a.An example of family declineb.A linear modelc.An example of a life stressord.A developmental model

2 points  

QUESTION 6

1. The relational-cultural theory emphasizes the vital rolea.that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women.b.of a spiritual or religious perspective in providing women with strength.c.that siblings play in the shaping of personalityd. in understanding how early childhood is a crucial factor in a woman’s personality development.

2 points  

QUESTION 7

1. Within the transpersonal states of functioning, which of the following developmental lines or stages exist?a.cognitiveb.vision logicc.psychicd.all of the above

2 points  

QUESTION 8

1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his/her conjoint approach to treatment?a.Satirb.Bowenc.Haleyd.Minuchin

2 points  

QUESTION 9

1. Self-in-relation theory is the work of:a.Sharf and Bemb.Jordan and Surreyc.Jean Baker Millerd.Betty Freidan

2 points  

QUESTION 10

1. Which of the following is not a fundamental principle of feminist counselors?a.The personal is politicalb.A commitment to social changec.A commitment to the establishment of an authoritarian relationshipd.Honoring women’s experiences and appreciating their perspectives, values, and strengths

2 points  

QUESTION 11

1. According to transpersonalism:a.Healthy development is marked by one’s advancement from personal to transpersonal concerns.b.Healthy development is marked by one’s quality of relationships.c.Healthy development is impossible to define.d.Healthy development is not a goal.

2 points  

QUESTION 12

1. The term _______________ means beyond the personal, ego, or self.a.archetypalb.transpersonalc.reductionisticd.monistic

2 points  

QUESTION 13

1. A counselor directing family members to engage in a communication game to examine how their incongruent messages lead to pain and lower self-esteem is following which approach to family therapy?
   A counselor directing family members to engage in a communication game to examine how their incongruent messages lead to pain and lower self-esteem is following which approach to family therapy?
   a.Conjointb.Transgenerationalc.Narratived.Structural

2 points  

QUESTION 14

1. A multifaceted process, occurring across the life span is called:a.Gender role identificationb.Gender biasc.Genderficationd.Gender role socialization

2 points  

QUESTION 15

1. One of the primary goals of transpersonal counseling is to:a.Bring the client to an acceptable level of mental healthb.Bring the client to a point where he or she can begin to work on transpersonal issuesc.Take the client into the realm of transcendence, unity, and extraordinary mental healthd.None of the above

2 points  

QUESTION 16

1. The term used to describe a family system’s tendency to maintain predictable interactional processes is:a.Family project processb.Cyberneticsc.Centripetald.Family homeostatis

2 points  

QUESTION 17

1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his/her strategic approach to treatment?a.Satirb.Bowenc.Haleyd.Minuchin

2 points  

QUESTION 18

1. Two major disorders given a great deal of attention in feminist literature are:a.Personality disorders and bipolar disordersb.Borderline personality disorders and hypertensionc.Eating disorders and PTSDd.Insomnia and PTSD

2 points  

QUESTION 19

1. ___________ wrote that Kohlberg’s model of moral development was more applicable to men than women.a.Carol Gilliganb.Barbara Herlihyc.Vivian Carroll McCollumd.Nancy Chodorow

2 points  

QUESTION 20

1. ________________ occurs when a family modifies problem behaviors yet maintains its present structure.a.First order changeb.Second order changec.Third order changed.Fourth order change

2 points  

QUESTION 21

1. Which of the following family therapists is best known for his/her structural approach to treatment:a.Satirb.Bowenc.Haleyd.Minuchin

2 points  

QUESTION 22

1. Teasing out stressors poses a challenge for the family counselor because of the family’s:a.Mistrust of therapyb.Many storiesc.Multigenerational issuesd.Severity of pain

2 points  

QUESTION 23

1. A strategy for empowering clients is to involve them in naming their problem and participating in directing the counseling process. This strategy is called:a.Self-disclosureb.Gender role analysisc.Demystifying the counseling processd.Client empowerment

2 points  

QUESTION 24

1. Although the theoretical underpinnings of transpersonal theory can be credited to a number of individuals, theories, and philosophical approaches to mental health and spiritual experience, _____________ has emerged as the primary leader of this burgeoning field.a.Groffb.Wilberc.Jungd.Maslow

2 points  

QUESTION 25

1. The term used to describe one of the perceptual sets people use when looking at society and their place in it is:a.Gender schemab.Egalitarianc.Engendered livesd.None of the above

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PSY-510 Contemporary and Ethical Issues in Psychology

Research on Intimate Partner Violence and the Duty to Protect

 

Week 5 assignment is another case study from the textbook, and no rubric has been provided. I have included a scoring guide, similar to week 4, below.

 

PLEASE be sure your name and the date is on the top of the template, if you choose not to use a title page. Please save the work as a Word document in the following manner: Last name_first name_Week 5_PSY 510

There are 7 questions. Be sure to answer each part of each question completely. Please review all aspects of the Tarasoff case and rulings that pertain to psychologists’ ethical responsibilities, and the duty to protect statute. See textbook.

With regard to question # 1, in addition to a description of the nature of the dilema, be sure to identify the Principles (A through E) that you believe are in conflict in this dilemma; there may be more than 2. (Remember the distinction between the Principles and the Standards that we reviewed in earlier discussions). Also see Fisher.

For Q# 2, about stakeholders, see Fisher. Remember to include the main character in this list and every person or agency whose interest could be at stake. (THINK BIG!)

For the remainder of the questions, cite specific ethical standards to support your conclusions. Aspects of Standards 2, 3, 4 and 8 should be addressed.

Consider citing and referencing the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct in this assignment. See: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

One of the ethical issues involved is the risk management competencies of research psychologists.

For the last question, be sure to review the steps of ethical decision making in the textbook.

These steps shouldl be individually addressed in the final question!

SCORING GUIDE:

Questions # 1, 3, 4, 6, & 7-up to 6 ponts each

Question #5-up to 12 points

Questions 2 -up to 8 points.

Final grade will be a percentage of 100.

I would like to provide a review of some important sections of the textbook to consider:

1. The nature of an ethical dilemma involves 2 or more APA Principles in conflict (in a matter that must be resolved).

2. Stakeholders: consider any and all persons or entities that could hold a stake in the resolution of the issue; see Fisher, p. 46.

3. Ethical Theories- see Fisher, pp. 38-42

4. 6 Steps of Ethical Decision Making- review Fisher, pp. 46-50.

Please post any questions about assignments or course content in the QTI forum.

Best regards,

 

 

 

Directions: In a minimum of 50 words, for each question, thoroughly answer each of the questions below regarding Case 4: Research on Intimate Partner Violence and the Duty to Protect. Use one to two scholarly resources to support your answers. Use in-text citations, when appropriate, according to APA formatting.

 

Read Case 4: Research on Intimate Partner Violence and the Duty to Protect on pages 435-436 in your textbook. Once you have read the case study completely, answer the discussion questions found in the attached document “Case 4” under the assignment tab

1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?

 

2. Who are the stakeholders and how will they be affected by how Dr. Yeung resolves this dilemma?

 

3. Does this situation meet the standards set by the Tarasoff decision’s “duty to protect” statute (see Chapter 7)? How might whether or not Dr. Yeung’s state includes researchers under such a statute influence Dr. Yeung’s ethical decision making? How might the fact that Dr. Yeung is a research psychologist without training or licensure in clinical practice influence the ethical decision?

 

4. In addressing this dilemma, should Dr. Yeung consider how her decision may affect the completion of her research (e.g., the confidentiality concerns of other participants)?

 

5. How are APA Ethical Standards 2.01f, 3.04, 3.06, 4.01, 4.02, 4.05, and 8.01 relevant to this case? Which other standards might apply?

 

6. What are Dr. Yeung’s ethical alternatives for resolving this dilemma? Which alternative best reflects the Ethics Code aspirational principles and enforceable standards, legal standards, and obligations to stakeholders? Can you identify the ethical theory (discussed in Chapter 3) guiding your decision?

 

7. What steps should Dr. Yeung take to implement her decision and monitor its effect?

 

References:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

434 Decoding the Ethics Code

Gallardo, M. E., Johnson, J., Parham, T. A., & Carter, J. A. (2009). Ethics and multicultural-ism: Advancing cultural and clinical responsiveness. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 425–435.Vasquez, M. (2012).

Social justice and civic virtue. In S. Knapp, M. Gottlieb, M. Handelsman, & L. Vande Creek (Eds.), Handbook of ethics in psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 75–98). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Zerr, A., & Pina, A. (2014). Predictors of initial engagement in child anxiety mental health specialty services. Child & Youth Care Forum, 2, 151–164.Case 3. Request for Services Following Termination

Dr. Howard Lightfoot, a psychologist in independent practice, works in a small, rural town in New Mexico. He treated Mary for a year, helping her with depression and anxiety related to her conflicting feelings about her lesbian sexual orientation. At the time of treatment termination, Mary’s depression and anxiety were reduced, and she had begun to have positive dating experiences with other women. Three years after termination of the therapy, Dr. Lightfoot receives a voice mail from Mary. She states that a month ago Allison, her partner of 2 years, was diagnosed with breast cancer. At that time, Mary became depressed and anxious again and started psychotherapy with another therapist because Dr. Lightfoot was no longer on the list of health providers covered by her insurance plan. She then ended the therapy because the new therapist appeared to have no understanding of the real-world challenges faced by lesbian couples. Mary tells Dr. Lightfoot that Allison has also begun to experience a great deal of anxiety and would like to begin psychotherapy with someone she can trust is sensitive to lesbian issues. Since Allison’s insurance plan would cover Dr. Lightfoot’s services for individual therapy and Mary’s participation as caretaker and collateral support, she is calling to ask whether he would consider treating Allison. Ethical Dilemma Based on his previous professional relationship with Mary and Allison’s current personal relationship with Mary, Dr. Lightfoot is unsure whether or not he should agree to see Allison for psychotherapy. Discussion Questions1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?2. Who are the stakeholders, and how will they be affected by how Dr. Lightfoot resolves this dilemma?3. How should the nature of Mary’s mental health problems when she was in treatment with Dr. Lightfoot, the amount of time that has passed since Research on Intimate Partner Violence and the Duty to ProtectDr. Daniela Yeung, a health psychologist, has been conducting a federally funded ethnographic study of couples in which the male partner has been paroled following conviction and imprisonment for intimate partner violence (IPV). Over the course of a year, she has had individual monthly interviews with 25 couples while one partner was in jail and following their release. Aiden is a 35-year-old male parolee convicted of seriously injuring his wife. He and his wife, Maya, have been interviewed by Dr. Yeung on eight occasions. The interviews have covered a range of personal topics including Aiden’s problem drinking, which is marked by blackouts and threatening phone calls made to his wife when he becomes drunk, usually in the evening. To her knowledge, Aiden has never followed ecoding the Ethics Code through on these threats. Dr. Yeung has the impression both Aiden and Maya feel a sense of social support when discussing their life with Dr. Yeung. One evening Dr. Yeung checks her answering machine and finds a message from Aiden. His words are slurred and angry: “Now that you know the truth about what I am you know that there is nothing you can do to help the evil inside me. The bottle is my savior and I will end this with them tonight.” She calls both Aiden’s and Maya’s cell phone numbers, but no one answers. Ethical Dilemma Dr. Yeung has Aiden’s address, and after 2 hours, she is considering whether or not to contact emergency services to suggest that law enforcement officers go to Aiden’s home or to the homes of his parents and girlfriend. Discussion Questions1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?2. Who are the stakeholders, and how will they be affected by how Dr. Yeung resolves this dilemma?3. Does this situation meet the standards set by the Tarasoff decision’s “duty to protect” statute (see Chapter 7)? How might whether or not Dr. Yeung’s state includes researchers under such a statute influence Dr. Yeung’s ethical decision making? How might the fact that Dr. Yeung is a research psychologist without training or licensure in clinical practice influence the ethical decision?4. In addressing this dilemma, should Dr. Yeung consider how her decision may affect the completion of her research (e.g., the confidentiality concerns of other participants)?5. How are APA Ethical Standards 2.01f, 3.04, 3.06, 4.01, 4.02, 4.05, and 8.01 relevant to this case? Which other standards might apply?6. What are Dr. Yeung’s ethical alternatives for resolving this dilemma? Which alternative best reflects the Ethics Code aspirational principles and enforceable standards, legal standards, and obligations to stakeholders? Can you identify the ethical theory (discussed in Chapter 3) guiding your decision?7. What steps should Dr. Yeung take to implement her decision and monitor its effect? Suggested Readings Appelbaum, P., & Rosenbaum, A. (1989). Tarasoff and the researcher: Does the duty to pro-tect apply in the research setting? American Psychologist, 44(6), 885–894.Fisher, C. B. (2011). Addiction research ethics and the Belmont principles: Do drug users have a different moral voice?

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Write a minimum 5 pages reflection critical analysis’ essay entitled “Is morality relative or are there objective moral truths?” This essay should explore the ethical, scientific, historic and socio-cultural dimensions of the readings.

Write a minimum 5 pages reflection critical analysis’ essay entitled “Is morality relative or are there objective moral truths?” This essay should explore the ethical, scientific, historic and socio-cultural dimensions of the readings. You have to read two readings (links you will find below the assignment description), one written by Ruth Benedict, “The Case for Moral Relativism” and a second written by Louis P. Pojman entitled “The Case Against Moral Relativism.”

What position do you hold regarding the essay’s question? Do you agree or disagree with the positions stated in the two readings?

Refer to Essay’s Rubrics in order to see the grading system.

In your essay you should:

1. Use both readings
2. Give answers to the following questions:

   3. Double-spaced 12 font

1. Regarding Benedict’s paper:

1. Is Benedict correct in saying that our culture is “but one entry in a long series of possible adjustments”? What are the implications of this statement?
2. Can we separate the descriptive (or fact-stating) aspect of anthropological study from the prescriptive (evaluative) aspect of evaluating cultures? Are there some independent criteria by which we can say that some cultures are better than others? Can you think how this project might begin?
3. What are the implications of Benedict’s claim that morality is simply whatever a culture deems normal behavior? Is this a satisfactory equation? Can you apply it to the institution of slavery or the Nazi policy of anti-Semitism?
4. What is the significance of Benedict’s statement, “The very eyes with which we see the problem are conditioned by the long traditional habits of our own society”? Can we apply the conceptual relativism embodied in this statement to her own position? (taken form Pojman L.P., Vaughn L., The Moral Life, New York 2007, p. 165.)

b. Regarding Pojman’s paper:

1. Is Pojman correct in thinking most American students tend to be moral relativists? If he is, why is this? What is the attraction of relativism? If he’s not correct, explain your answer.
2. Explain the difference between subjective ethical relativism and conventionalism.
3. Sometimes people argue that since there are no universal moral truths, each culture’s morality is as good as every other, so we ought not to interfere in its practices. Assess this argument.
4. Does moral relativism have a bad effect on society? Reread the tape-recorded conversation between serial murderer Ted Bundy and one of his victims (pages 171-172) in which Bundy attempts to justify the murder of his victim on the basis of the idea that all moral values are subjective. Analyze Bundy’s discussion. How would the relativist respond to Bundy’s claim that relativism justifies rape and murder? What do you think? Why? (taken form Pojman L.P., Vaughn L., The Moral Life, New York 2007, pp. 190-191.)

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Emotional and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Instructions

Discuss emotional and personality development in early childhood. Be sure to include comments on: a) the sense of Self, b) emotional development, c) moral development, and d) impact of gender.

Discussion posts should be at least 300 words and include minimally (2) citations from this week’s reading.

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This subject is a psycology defrent from the previous, and do the eassy questions to ,you can choose one for each unit exams, i will send you format eassy questions, how you will do for graduate school format.

Thank you.

Publisher:

Pearson: Allyn & Bacon

 

PSY 270

Learning Theories

Text: Learning and Memory

4th Edition, 2009

ISBN: 10: 0205658628/ 13: 9780205658626

Authors:

Scott Terry

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Learning Theories

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. The central question for the field of Learning is:

(a) How do genetics influence behavior?

(b) What role does the environment play in the development of mental process- es?

(c) How do we come to have knowledge? (d) Why do learning disabilities develop?

2. Which of the following could be considered valid ways to measure learning?

(a) the rate at which an animal presses a bar in an experimental chamber (b) the degree to which one’s respiration rate changes from one situation to another

(c) the ability of an individual to recall material while completing an exam (d) all of the above

3. Which of the following is not demonstrative of learning?

(a) possessing factual knowledge (b) the acquisition of a new skill

(c) experiencing a surge in one’s attentional ability following the consumption of a stimulant medication

(d) feeling more competent after training, compared to before training

4. One’s potential for learning could be demonstrated if:

(a) acquired knowledge is used after it is initially obtained (b) acquired knowledge is used as it is obtained

(c) acquired knowledge is used before it is obtained (d) none of the above

5. Which of the following changes in behavior are typically excluded from a formal definition of learning?

(a) changes that are transient

(b) permanent changes in behavior

(c) changes in one’s behavioral repertoire (d) none of the above

6. Bandura’s “BoBo doll” experiment illustrated the distinction between:

(a) physiological and affective changes in behavior (b) potential and actual changes in behavior

(c) potential and maturational changes in behavior (d) actual and physiological changes in behavior

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7. Changes due to maturation are excluded from the definition of learning because:

(a) they may arise from innate forces (b) neural

(c) they occur independent from one’s experiences (d) all of the above

8. Which of the following is a maturation-based, as opposed to experience- based, change in behavior?

(a) a rat’s faster pace through a maze after 10 attempts through the maze

(b) a decrease in one’s anxiety level towards horror films after viewing one horror film per day for an entire year

(c) developing aggressive tendencies after viewing models acting in an aggressive manner

(d) bone growth

9. Habituation can be measured by:

(a) observing whole-body startle reactions to loud tones (b) measuring the amount of blood flowing into one’s brain

(c) measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin (d) all of the above

10. Which of the following is most likely to result in suppressed responding during a habituation experiment?

(a) spaced presentations (b) massed presentations (c) savings

(d) generalization

11. Which of the following is most likely to result in durable habituation?

(a) spaced presentations (b) massed presentations (c) savings

(d) dishabituation

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12. After habituating his animals to a visual stimulus, Dr. Stillman presents a novel tone to his subjects. Following the presentation of the tone, the animals are again shown the initial visual stimulus, but they no longer habituate to this event. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation (c) savings

(d) dishabituation

13. After habituating his animals to a dark-blue circle, Dr. Stillman presents a light-blue circle to his subjects and finds that they continue to habituate to this novel item. What has occurred?

(a) generalization

(b) sensory adaptation (c) savings

(d) dishabituation

14. Effector fatigue occurs when:

(a) sensory receptors lose their ability to detect changes in the environment (b) one’s response system is depleted

(c) a subject exhibits an orienting response to a stimulus (d) none of the above

15. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled:

(a) Type S (b) Type R (c) Type H (d) Type A

, 6. Neurons directly involved in the reflex arc have been labeled __ , and are closely related to the process of __ .

(a) Type S; sensitization (b) Type S; habituation (c) Type H; sensitization (d) Type H; habituation

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Learnin Theories

17. Neurons that playa major role in the general level of arousal of the nervous system have been labeled:

(a) Type S (b) Type R (c) Type H (d) Type A

18. Why is a CR sometimes called an anticipatory response?

(a) because a subject anticipates that making a CR will lead to some type of

reward

(b) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the US (c) because a subject makes a CR during the presentation of the CS (d) none of the above

19. Which of the following methods of classical conditioning is focused on the survival value of conditioned associations?

(a) eyeblink conditioning (b) SCR measurement

(c) conditioned taste aversion (d) all of the above

20. Dr. Williams is interested in studying classical conditioning, but she feels that manipulating reflex-evoking USs in unethical. To work around Dr. Wil- liams’s ethical standards, she should use:

(a) evaluative conditioning (b) eyeblink conditioning (c) SCR measurement

(d) none of the above

21. One possible drawback to evaluative conditioning is:

(a) the reflexes studied are difficult to observe

(b) the SCRs that are to be evaluated can be painful to subjects (c) the traditional CRs used with the procedure are too intense (d) none of the above

22. Questions about evaluative conditioning have addressed

(a) whether or not this process is truly classical conditioning (b) the consciousness status of preference changes

(c) researchers should utilize verbal data during this procedure (d) all of the above

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23. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) have no biological significance to an organism (b) are neutral stimuli

(c) cannot have their significance acquired (d) none of the above

24. Unconditioned Stimuli:

(a) can have a sensory element to them (b) are devoid of emotional significance (c) do not typically elicit specific reactions (d) are unidimensional

25. Which of the following could serve as a (S?

(a) the passage of time since the most recent US (b) a tone

(c) one’s external environment (d) all of the above

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Written Assignment for Unit One

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Explain the steps and results that were revealed in Tolman and Honzick’s (1930) latent learning experiment.

2. Describe Basic and Applied Research and the similarities and differences of each.

3. List and describe the several parametric features of habituation that have been identified.

4. Describe the various methods of studying classical conditioning.

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Learni Theories

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. In the last 3 months, Mike never knows when he is going to get his allowance from his parents. He knows that he gets paid about every week, but sometimes his allowance comes 10 days after the previous one, sometimes only 4 days separate his allowance, while some payments come on a regular, 7-day rota- tion. The type of reinforcement schedule being used is a:

(a) variable interval (b) fixed interval

(c) variable ratio (d) fixed ratio

2. In a schedule, reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of

responses.

(a) continuous reinforcement (b) fixed ratio

(c) variable ratio (d) fixed interval

3. An experimenter designs their experiment so that a reinforcer is delivered after a subject presses a bar in a Skinner box. To maximize conditioning, which delay interval (between the response and the delivery of the reinforcer) should be used?

(a) 1 second (b) 2 second (c) 4 second (d) 8 second

4. The capacity to inhibit immediate gratification in preference for a larger re- ward in the long run is central to:

(a) secondary reinforcement (b) self-control

(c) continuous reinforcement (d) token reinforcement

5. The quickest way to reduce an organism’s biological need would be to use:

(a) secondary reinforcement (b) self-control

(c) primary reinforcement (d) token reinforcement

6. A teacher giving a student a coupon they can exchange for a pencil, candy, or other reward is an example of this type of reinforcement.

 

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(a) secondary and primary reinforcement

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(b) self-control and token reinforcement (c) primary and token reinforcement

(d) secondary and token reinforcement

7. After getting a good grade on an exam, Julie’s mom gives Julie a big hug. The behavior of Julie’s mom in this situation could best be described as:

(a) secondary reinforcement (b) social reinforcement

(c) primary reinforcement (d) token reinforcement

8. Sales associates’ attempts to help customers are sometimes rewarded with sales. Though which customer will buy may be unpredictable, more attempts

should produce more sales. Such a schedule would illustrate _

reinforcement:

(a) variable interval (b) variable ratio (c) fixed ratio

(d) fixed interval

9. A reinforcer:

(a) only has its reinforcing qualities in its originally-used context (b) does not always lead to satisfaction

(c) decreases the frequency of the operant response (d) possesses transsituationality

10. Which of the following could occur within a participant during punishment training?

(a) aggression

(b) conditioned fear

(c) avoidance of the situation (d) all of the above

11. Dr. Smith is trying to teach Billy to WANT to do his homework, because of the personal satisfaction that homework completion will bring to Billy. Dr. Smith is essentially trying to enhance Billy’s:

(a) extrinsic motivation (b) intrinsic motivation (c) latent learning

(d) biofeedback ability

12. A reward can interfere with a punisher when: (page 138)

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(a) reward and punishment fail to arouse approach-avoidance conflict (b) the punishment is not consistent

(c) the punishing event becomes a secondary positive reinforcer (d) none of the above- rewards never interfere with punishment

13. After Susie runs away from her mother and into the street, she is almost hit by a passing car. Following this event, Susie’s mother punishes her for her behavior. Research shows that:

(a) Susie might continue to misbehave, in an even worse manner (b) the punishment might have no effect on Susie

(c) both a and b

(d) neither a nor b

14. Self-Injurious Behavior tends to be treated with:

(a) reinforcement (b) punishment

(c) aversion therapy

(d) learned helplessness

15. Skinner’s stance of the use of punishment in treating Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB) was that:

(a) it should not be done because it is immoral

(b) it should not be done because it only reinforces the punisher (c) it should be done if it is brief, harmless, and contingent on SIB

(d) it should be done in an intense and painful way, in order to be effective in eliminating the SIB

16. Whenever Billy cries at the supermarket, his mom and dad buy him a candy bar, and find that with each trip to the store, Billy cries more and more. What is happening?

(a) Billy’s responses are generalizing

(b) negative reinforcement- Billy has learned that when he cries at the store, he gets a candy bar

(c) masochistic behavior

(d) none of the above- there is no relation between the candy bar and Billy’s behavior

17. Ernie’s car has an automatic transmission with the gear shift behind the steering wheel. Earlier today, however, he drove his mom’s car, which has its automatic transmission gear shift on the floor of the car. As he tried to drive his mom’s car out of her driveway, he reached for the gear shift behind the steering wheel, although it wasn’t there. Ernie’s behavior in this situation is illustrative of:

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(a) retroactive interference (b) proactive interference (c) anchoring

(d) none of the above

18. As a result of taking this test today, you are having a difficult time recalling the material you studied yesterday, for a test in tomorrow’s calculus class. The memory deficit described here illustrates:

(a) retroactive interference (b) proactive interference (c) anchoring

(d) remote associations

19. Response learning can be enhanced by:

(a) using meaningful response items

(b) using nonmeaningful response items (c) the experimenter being vague

(d) responses having few associations

20. Which of the following can influence the degree to which items in a paired- associate learning task become connected to one another?

(a) prior knowledge

(b) preexisting associations Ic) cognitive elaboration (d) all of the above

21. Dr. Smith gives his experimental subjects the words BOY and SKY to learn in a paired associate task. After presenting subjects with these two words, subjects must generate a sentence that uses both of the words. Dr. Smith’s methodology is studying the effect of which of the following processes on paired-associate learning?

(a) free recall

(b) cognitive elaboration (c) memorization

(d) direction of associations

22. When presented with the stimulus word “BASKET” and asked for a response, Jody replies “BALL:’This response is typical of research looking into which aspect of paired associate learning?

(a) S-R mapping

(b) cognitive elaboration

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(c) prior knowledge

(d) direction of associations

 

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23. Enhanced recall for information presented in an earlier (as opposed to later) portion of a word list is referred to as:

(a) the recency effect (b) the primacy effect (c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

24. The existence of long-term memory can be said to be supported by the occur- rence of:

(a) the recency effect (b) the primacy effect (c) anchoring

(d) paired-associate learning

25. The idea that words from the same semantic category can be recalled togeth- er even if they were not presented as part of the same list is the core idea underlying:

(a) categorical clustering (b) subjective organization (c) associative clustering (d) matrix recall

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Written Assignment for Unit Two

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assiqnrnents, However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words.Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. At the start of the 20th century, Edward Lee Thorndike was one of the first researchers to investigate instrumental learning. Explain the research he conducted.

2. Describe the major criticism of the use of reinforcement in learning.

3. Describe the major components of avoidance learning and the theories that offer an explanation of it.

4. Describe the work and research done by scientist Herman Ebbinghaus.

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Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. You are asked “Who was the first president of the United States?”To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory (b) semantic memory (c) episodic memory (d) procedural memory

2. You are asked “Where were you on 9/1 1 ?” To answer this question, you would most likely have to retrieve information from:

(a) short-term memory (b) semantic memory (c) episodic memory (d) procedural memory

3. The finding that certain amnesiacs have impaired episodic LTM but preserved semantic LTM (or vice-versa) suggests that:

(a) LTM is always damaged in amnesia (b) STM is always damaged in amnesia

(c) episodic and semantic LTM are distinct from one another (d) doctors don’t really understand the disease

4. This anomalous forgetting phenomenon describes when a person thinks they have come up with an original idea, only to realize later it was suggested by someone else.

(a) cryptomnesia (b) deja vu

(c) fugue reaction

(d) none of the above

5. Which of the following is NOT known to produce memory loss?

(a) electroconvulsive therapy

(b) an unusual word appearing in the middle of a list of other words (c) the inducing of frustration in infants

(d) none of the above

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6. The answer to which of the following questions would most likely involve acti- vation of the mechanism(s) behind implicit memory?

(a) “When did you graduate from high school?” (b) “When is your birthday?”

(c) “How do you drive a stick shift vehicle?” (d) “Where were you on 9/11?”

7. Implicit Memory: Explicit Memory as Unconscious:

(a) Inactive (b) Indirect (c) Conscious (d) Retention

8. A test that makes direct reference to a prior episode is most likely assessing:

(a) incidental memory (b) implicit memory (c) working memory (d) explicit memory

9. Mary’s knowledge of how to drive a car is most likely originating from her:

(a) explicit memory

(b) procedural memory (c) episodic memory (d) semantic memory

10. Which of the following features has been identified as being a critical charac- teristic of STM?

(a) unlimited capacity

(b) lack of potential for forgetting (c) stores items verbally

(d) acoustic encoding

11. According to the word-length-effect, which of the following words has the best chance of being recalled correctly?

(a) INCARCERATION (b) THOUGHTFULNESS (c) TIRE

(d) MOUNTAINS

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12. The ability to recall, in order of presentation, which of the following number of items from a sequence of items, as indicative of a normal adult memory span:

(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 2

13. The suffix effect tends to:

(a) enhance recall of recently-presented information

(b) enhance recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall (c) diminish recall of recently-presented information

(d) diminish recall of information presented 24 hours or more prior to recall

14. The impairment in patient K.F. suggests that:

(a) one needs STM to get information into LTM

(b) STM is not necessary for the transfer of information into LTM (c) LTM has a limited capacity

(d) STM actually has an unlimited capacity

15. Which is NOT listed in your text (Box 8.2) as a condition which can cause memory loss?

(a) Lyme disease

(b) toxic poisoning from bad shellfish (c) alcohol poisoning

(d) all of the above can cause memory loss

16. Emotional events are highly recallable because:

(a) they tend to be non-distinctive, inhibiting interference from external factors (b) they allow our attention to wander

(c) they involve unconscious, but not conscious, memory processes

(d) the bodily arousal occurring with emotions enhances memory formation

17. According to McCarthy and Warrington (1990) which of the following is NOT a purpose of short term memory?

(a) familiarity

(b) problem solving

(c) language comprehension

(d) gateway to long-term memory

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, 8. High amounts of domain-specific knowledge can lead to the development of:

(a) novice ability (b) expert ability

(c) implicit memory

(d) procedural memory

, 9. The testing effect produces the effect it does because:

(a) testing is less challenging than continued studying

(b) transfer-appropriate processing mechanisms are engaged (c) testing is not connected to studying

(d) none of the above

20. Of all of the lectures in his Introductory Economics class, Tom remembers the class about global economics best because the teacher wore all of his clothes backwards and inside-out. The teachers was seemingly trying to en- courage:

(a) maintenance rehearsal (b) the recency effect

(c) the formation of an implicit memory (d) the von Restorff effect

21. One reason why textbooks place critical terms in bold-face is due to the premises of:

(a) maintenance rehearsal (b) the recency effect

(c) the formation of an implicit memory (d) the von Restorff effect

22. The enhanced recall of distinctive items, and the impaired recall of informa- tion presented just prior to the distinctive stimuli, is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect (b) the retrograde amnesic effect (c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

23. The occurrence of distinctive stimuli impairing the recall of information pre- sented after the distinctive items is referred to as:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect (b) the retrograde amnesic effect

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(c) the von Restorff effect (d) the recency effect

24. At the beginning of yesterday’s sociology class, Dr. Smith showed highly suggestive pictures of men and women to illustrate the different forms

that pornography can take. After this 5-minute slide show, Dr. Smith gave a 45-minute lecture of pornography and modern society. However, immediately after the class ended, the students had no memory of the lecture– all they could recall were the sexually explicit photographs shown at the start of class. This impaired memory is illustrative of:

(a) the anterograde amnesic effect (b) the retrograde amnesic effect (c) the von Restorff effect

(d) the recency effect

25. The spacing effect suggests that:

(a) massed practice is better than distributed practice (b) distributed practice is better than massed practice

(c) massed and distributed practice are equal in their utility (d) none of the above

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Written Assignment for Unit Three

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. List and explain the different classifications of Amnesias.

2. Describe the early studies of short term and long term memory. What was found in these studies?

3. Explain the importance of the Brown-Peterson task and the steps involved in it.

4. Describe and list the major components of schemas.

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Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. If a typical person is told to/Name a type of mammalr which of the follow- ing responses would be LEAST likely to be named?

(a) dog (b) cat (c) whale (d) horse

2. When retrieving the concept CAR, the concept SPEEDING TICKET is also retrieved. What is the name of the concept that most directly explains why these two ideas are recalled together?

(a) priming

(b) prosopagnosia

(c) association/ spreading of activation (d) procedural memory

3. Adam is trying to remember information for his psychology exam, but similar information that he studied in sociology is also being retrieved, interfering with his thinking process. This interference is most similar to:

(a) priming

(b) the fan effect

(c) spreading of activation (d) procedural memory

4. Ever since his car accident, Joe has difficulty remembering what his friends do for a living, although he can remember their names. This dysfunction is evidence for:

(a) the modularity of episodic memory (b) the modularity of semantic memory (c) the formation of an implicit memory (d) the validity of spreading of activation

5. An early, but ultimately incorrect, approach to understanding the biology of memory was:

(a) the modularity approach (b) long-term potentiation

(c) the formation of memory molecules (d) all of the above

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6. Remembering that improves over successive attempts at reproduction of the studied material is:

(a) hypermnesia

(b) encoding specificity (c) distinctiveness

(d) none of the above

7. Motor skill learning has qualities that make it illustrative of:

(a) procedural learning (b) declarative memory (c) neither a or b

(d) both a and b

8. As Melanie sits in class paying attention to the new material being presented by her professor, this information, in its unconsolidated state, is likely being processed in which storage system?

(a) sensory memory

(b) short-term memory (c) long-term memory (d) implicit memory

9. One study on remembering knowledge learned in school assessed learning 4

and 11 months after completion of a course. Grades fell about on

the delayed tests.

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 50

(d) none of the above

, O. After practicing all summer long, Madison has finally learned how to make a baseball curve when she throws it. This ability can best be described as:

(a) implicit learning (b) spatial learning

(c) stimulus-response learning (d) motor skill learning

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11. Tommy has been running the 1-mile race for his track team for the past 5 years. His best times in each of the past 5 years, respectively, have been 5:30,5:02,4:40,4:30, and 4:25. Assuming his training proceeds accord- ing to plan, which of the following times should he be capable of running this year, according to the power law?

(a) 3:59 (b) 4:02 (c) 4:23 (d) 4:10

12. The power law focuses on the relationship between motor skills learning and:

(a) practice (b) feedback (c) motivation (d) strength

13. Louie spent 4 hours yesterday afternoon learning how to ride a new ail-ter- rain vehicle, and had his competence tested over an obstacle course. He completed the course, but made 7 driving errors while on the course. After getting a good night’s rest (and without additional driving practice), Louie returned to the course today and completed it with only 2 errors. This skill improvement is best referred to as:

(a) implicit learning

(b) practice independent learning (c) practice dependent learning (d) massed practice

14. Janet is learning how to type, in the context of a single-session lab-based psychology experiment. To maximize typing performance in this context, the best type of feedback should be delivered how soon after each typing trial?

(a) 1 minute (b) 1 hour

(c) immediately (d) 10 minutes.

15. The self-guidance hypothesis suggests that:

(a) frequent feedback is the best way to improve motor skills

(b) delayed feedback allows one to learn how to correct their own errors (c) delayed feedback inhibits motor skill learning

(d) people can guide themselves when learning a motor skill-feedback is not necessary

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16. Which individual is likely to show the best classical conditioning ability?

(a) a 27-yearold (b) a 7-year-old (c) a z-year-old (d) a 72-year-old

17. Prenatal classical conditioning involves:

(a) exposing a child to a CS and US immediately after birth

(b) testing for a conditioned response at 1 month, and then 1 year, after birth (c) exposing a fetus to CS-US pairings

(d) none of the above

18. Identical twins tend to show similar memory ability on tasks involving:

(a) short-term memory (b) digit span

(c) sensory memory

(d) associative memory

19. Episodic memories can be assessed during infancy by using:

(a) classical conditioning (b) habituation

(c) dishabituation

(d) none of the above

20. Childhood amnesia may be the result of:

(a) prenatal exposure to alcohol

(b) enhanced hippocampal activity during the first year of life (c) well-formed meta memory skills

(d) diminished memory capacity during infancy, compared to adulthood

21. Very young children tend to rely on data to encode information,

whereas older children and adults utilize data during encoding.

(a) sensory; motor (b) sensory; verbal (c) verbal; motor (d) motor; sensory

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22. Cindy, a 6-year-old, is presented with several random strings of letters to commit to memory. Which of the following strings is she most likely to re- member in the correct order?

(a) RQY

(b) BHFZP (c) MPLSTGX

(d) WYZDHLPMT

23. Developmental disabilities may be caused by:

(a) birth defects (b) head injury (c) malnutrition

(d) all of the above

24. In a l-roorn schoolhouse with students of all ages, Mr. Smith notices that some of his students are taking notes about what is being discussed in class, whereas others are not. Which of the following students would be most likely to be one of the students taking notes?

(a) Joe, a 5-year-old boy

(b) Jen, a 6-year-old girl

(c) Victor, a s-year-old boy (d) Rhonda, a 12-year-old girl

25. Dr. Marie has a 23-year-old female patient that is having problems with her spatial memory. Giving this patient an estrogen supplement to boost her memory will likely have what effect on her memory dysfunction?

(a) it will eliminate it (b) it will make it worse

(c) it will have no long term impact (d) it will make her smarter

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Written Assignment for Unit Four

• Include your name, student number, course number, course title and unit number on each page of your written assignment (this is for your protection in case your materials become separated).

• Begin each written assignment by identifying the question number you are answering followed by the actual question itself (in bold type).

• Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions (i.e. an introduction, middle paragraphs and conclusion).

• Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only, typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New Roman) and 12 point type size.

Word count is NOT one of the criteria that is used in assigning points to written assignments. However, students who are successful in earning the maximum number of points tend to submit written assignments that fall in the following ranges:

Undergraduate courses: 350 – 500 words or 1 – 2 pages. Graduate courses: 500 – 750 words or 2 – 3 pages. Doctoral courses: 750 – 1000 words or 4 – 5 pages.

Plagiarism

All work must be free of any form of plagiarism. Put written answers into your own words.Do not simply cut and paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your answers from the textbook. Be sure to refer to the course Syllabus for more details on plagiarism and proper citation styles.

Please answer ONE of the following:

1. Describe the several factors that playa role in episodic retrieval.

2. Describe several general factors that are critical to understand when studying spatial memory.

3. Describe the differences in cognitive abilities between men and women.

4. The different manners in which individuals approach the acquisition of knowledge are referred to as learning styles, and some research has suggested that understanding different learning styles may help to maximize individuals’ learning experiences. Describe some examples of different learning styles.

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