week 3 community nursing

Chapter Highlights

Definitions of global health and global burden of disease

Indicators of health

Health and human rights

Factors that affect health globally

Framework for improving world health

Sustainable Development Goals

Question #1

Is the following statement true or false?

Global health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Answer to Question #1

False

Rationale: Global health prioritizes improving health and equity for all people worldwide with an emphasis on transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions. It involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration while synthesizing population-based prevention with individual-level clinic care.

Definitions of Health

Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Public health: the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts

Dunn’s model: continuum from premature death to wellness to high-level wellness, with environment playing a major role

Smith’s four models:

Clinical

Role-performance

Adaptive

Eudaimonistic

Global Health Concepts

Global health encompasses the behavioral and environmental risk factors of a community, which are influenced by politics, economics, and culture.

Determinants of Health

Factors that affect outcomes of health status, such as physical environment, social environment, health behaviors, and individual health, as well as broader factors such as access to health services and overall health policies and interventions

Question #2

What is an epidemiologic transition?

High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Answer to Question #2

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Rationale: Epidemiologic transition includes high and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine. Demographic transitions include high fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth; improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease; decline in mortality and later decline in fertility.

Demographic Transitions

High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

Decline in mortality and later decline in fertility

Increase in relative proportion of elderly population

Question #3

Is the following statement true or false?

Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.

Answer to Question #3

True

Rationale: Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.

Global Burden of Disease

Risks to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings

The burden of disease is growing disproportionately in the world and is largely affected by climate, public policy, age of the population, socioeconomic conditions, and risk factors

Noncommunicable diseases

Impact of disease burden

What Risk Factors Affect the Disease Burden?

Risk factors are defined as personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition

Childhood and maternal malnutrition

Other nutrition-related risk factors and inactivity

Addictive substances

Sexual and reproductive health

Environmental risks

Health Indicators

Morbidity and mortality

Risk factors

Health service coverage

Health system resources

Women, Poverty, and Health

Unequal power relationships between women and men

Social norms that decrease education and paid employment opportunities for women

Exclusive focus on women’s reproductive roles

Potential or actual experience of physical, sexual, and emotional violence

Sustainable Development Goals #1

End poverty in all its forms everywhere

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Sustainable Development Goals #2

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all

Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation

Sustainable Development Goals #3

Reduce inequality within and among countries

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development

Sustainable Development Goals #4

Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

Other Factors that Affect Global Health

Economics and politics

Factors associated with healthcare systems

Question #4

Is the following statement true or false?

Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to shift tasks primarily to nurses and community health workers.

Answer to Question #4

True

Rationale: Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to shift tasks primarily to nurses and community health workers.

Role of Nurses

Knowledge of goals for worldwide health

Assess patients and communities

Set realistic goals

Develop interventions partnered with local community resources

Continually evaluate progress