see below

Home>Homework Answsers>Nursing homework helpnursingnursing researchsee below2 years ago06.12.202320Report issuefiles (2)cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_21.pdfcf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdfcf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_21.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsWith the advent of new technologies and treatment methods, health care organizationsare facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge that needs to be addressed notonly by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders in the business. Ensuring patientsafety is essential for providing quality health care.As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting voice-recorded reports ofhealth care professionals into text. Although I am not directly involved in treating patients, anyerrors that occur during the transcription process could result in inaccurate documentation ofmedical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented the dosage of Lasix as 400 mginstead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care professional who had dictatedthe report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the dosage and correct it, which helpedprevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the incorrect dosage. This incidenthelped me realize the importance of preparing accurate documents for ensuring patient safetyand delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues relating to patient safety eversince.Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles UsingSummon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Library’s databases, I accessedarticles that are carried by databases such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I usedkeywords such as “health care issues,” “patient safety,” and “quality of care” to search for peer-reviewed literature relevant to patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited mysearch to scholarly and peer-reviewed journals, choosing “journal article” as the publication type,“medicine” and “nursing” as the subjects, and articles published within the last five years as thepublication date range.3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information SourcesTo ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles that were published withinthe past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were published by authors who werewell-known in the field of health care and had extensive professional experience.To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant to the topic, I confirmedthat they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues relating to patient safety and qualitycare. I also checked whether each information source had a clearly defined purpose andcontained pertinent information about patient safety and quality care.Annotated BibliographyKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945 Thisarticle provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals have made toward reducingpatient harm and understand the factors that have led to this progress. The authors citereports released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and theNational Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze the occurrence of issues relatingto patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize that improvement in health caresafety for hospitalized patients may have been possible because of reasons such as anawareness of the importance of improving safety culture with evidence-basedsuggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for finding ways to maintain oraccelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to patient harm. They believe thatinvesting in patient safety research programs and ensuring that patient safety remains ahigh priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the number of adverse events.4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines evidence of reduction inpatient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such harms.Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965In this article, the authors express their concern about health care professionals,particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners, being insufficiently trainedto achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified in2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety practices and concepts in theMLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-versed in theabovementioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors conclude that byfocusing on the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future practitioners will bebetter equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing MLS. This articlewas chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient safety issues and explainshow patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for courses pertaining tohealth care, such as MLS, to enable future health care practitioners to provide effectivehealth care.Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-0050555Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article provides a systematic review of available empirical literature to understandhow health care managers are involved in delivering quality health care and ensuringpatient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that board-levelmanagers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient safety and quality toensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed studies indicate that they spendmuch less time than that. The authors also present a quality management input processoutput (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers function effectively andachieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude that there is a need to makecertain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of managers in qualityimprovement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it discusses the role ofhealth care managers in influencing patient safety and quality care outcomes and alsoproposes a model to help managers understand this role.Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of patient safety and patientsafety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is complex and patientsafety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care organization. They discusssome tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture, for example, the SafetyAttitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture Improvement Tool. They alsoexamine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture, such as ensuring thatpatient safety is given as much importance as other core business functions. This article6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse events relating to patientsafety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a health care organization toensure safe patient care.Learnings from the ResearchI gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient safety by going throughpeer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my knowledge about patient safety. Forexample, after reading the article on improving safety for hospitalized patients by Kronick et al.(2016), I learned about patient harms (such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections andpressure ulcers) that I was unaware of before this research. Further, by creating an annotatedbibliography, I was able to build a repository of scholarly resources relating to patient safety.This will make it easier for me to choose relevant resources while writing the paper on issuesconcerning patient safety.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_21.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsWith the advent of new technologies and treatment methods, health care organizationsare facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge that needs to be addressed notonly by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders in the business. Ensuring patientsafety is essential for providing quality health care.As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting voice-recorded reports ofhealth care professionals into text. Although I am not directly involved in treating patients, anyerrors that occur during the transcription process could result in inaccurate documentation ofmedical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented the dosage of Lasix as 400 mginstead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care professional who had dictatedthe report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the dosage and correct it, which helpedprevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the incorrect dosage. This incidenthelped me realize the importance of preparing accurate documents for ensuring patient safetyand delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues relating to patient safety eversince.Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles UsingSummon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Library’s databases, I accessedarticles that are carried by databases such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I usedkeywords such as “health care issues,” “patient safety,” and “quality of care” to search for peer-reviewed literature relevant to patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited mysearch to scholarly and peer-reviewed journals, choosing “journal article” as the publication type,“medicine” and “nursing” as the subjects, and articles published within the last five years as thepublication date range.3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information SourcesTo ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles that were published withinthe past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were published by authors who werewell-known in the field of health care and had extensive professional experience.To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant to the topic, I confirmedthat they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues relating to patient safety and qualitycare. I also checked whether each information source had a clearly defined purpose andcontained pertinent information about patient safety and quality care.Annotated BibliographyKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945 Thisarticle provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals have made toward reducingpatient harm and understand the factors that have led to this progress. The authors citereports released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and theNational Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze the occurrence of issues relatingto patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize that improvement in health caresafety for hospitalized patients may have been possible because of reasons such as anawareness of the importance of improving safety culture with evidence-basedsuggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for finding ways to maintain oraccelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to patient harm. They believe thatinvesting in patient safety research programs and ensuring that patient safety remains ahigh priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the number of adverse events.4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines evidence of reduction inpatient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such harms.Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965In this article, the authors express their concern about health care professionals,particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners, being insufficiently trainedto achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified in2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety practices and concepts in theMLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-versed in theabovementioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors conclude that byfocusing on the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future practitioners will bebetter equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing MLS. This articlewas chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient safety issues and explainshow patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for courses pertaining tohealth care, such as MLS, to enable future health care practitioners to provide effectivehealth care.Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-0050555Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article provides a systematic review of available empirical literature to understandhow health care managers are involved in delivering quality health care and ensuringpatient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that board-levelmanagers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient safety and quality toensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed studies indicate that they spendmuch less time than that. The authors also present a quality management input processoutput (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers function effectively andachieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude that there is a need to makecertain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of managers in qualityimprovement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it discusses the role ofhealth care managers in influencing patient safety and quality care outcomes and alsoproposes a model to help managers understand this role.Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of patient safety and patientsafety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is complex and patientsafety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care organization. They discusssome tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture, for example, the SafetyAttitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture Improvement Tool. They alsoexamine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture, such as ensuring thatpatient safety is given as much importance as other core business functions. This article6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse events relating to patientsafety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a health care organization toensure safe patient care.Learnings from the ResearchI gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient safety by going throughpeer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my knowledge about patient safety. Forexample, after reading the article on improving safety for hospitalized patients by Kronick et al.(2016), I learned about patient harms (such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections andpressure ulcers) that I was unaware of before this research. Further, by creating an annotatedbibliography, I was able to build a repository of scholarly resources relating to patient safety.This will make it easier for me to choose relevant resources while writing the paper on issuesconcerning patient safety.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_21.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Library Research SkillsWith the advent of new technologies and treatment methods, health care organizationsare facing many challenges. Patient safety is one such challenge that needs to be addressed notonly by health care professionals but also by other stakeholders in the business. Ensuring patientsafety is essential for providing quality health care.As a medical transcriptionist, I am responsible for converting voice-recorded reports ofhealth care professionals into text. Although I am not directly involved in treating patients, anyerrors that occur during the transcription process could result in inaccurate documentation ofmedical data. For example, one of my colleagues documented the dosage of Lasix as 400 mginstead of 40 mg in a discharge summary. When the health care professional who had dictatedthe report reviewed it, he was able to spot the error in the dosage and correct it, which helpedprevent the patient from having a dangerous reaction to the incorrect dosage. This incidenthelped me realize the importance of preparing accurate documents for ensuring patient safetyand delivering quality care. I developed a keen interest in issues relating to patient safety eversince.Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles UsingSummon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Library’s databases, I accessedarticles that are carried by databases such as ProQuest Central and PubMed Central. I usedkeywords such as “health care issues,” “patient safety,” and “quality of care” to search for peer-reviewed literature relevant to patient safety. Using the advanced search option, I limited mysearch to scholarly and peer-reviewed journals, choosing “journal article” as the publication type,“medicine” and “nursing” as the subjects, and articles published within the last five years as thepublication date range.3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information SourcesTo ensure credibility, I selected peer-reviewed journal articles that were published withinthe past five years. I made sure that the selected sources were published by authors who werewell-known in the field of health care and had extensive professional experience.To ensure that the chosen sources of information were relevant to the topic, I confirmedthat they contained accepted facts and opinions on issues relating to patient safety and qualitycare. I also checked whether each information source had a clearly defined purpose andcontained pertinent information about patient safety and quality care.Annotated BibliographyKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945 Thisarticle provides a viewpoint on the progress that hospitals have made toward reducingpatient harm and understand the factors that have led to this progress. The authors citereports released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and theNational Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) to analyze the occurrence of issues relatingto patient safety in hospitals. The authors hypothesize that improvement in health caresafety for hospitalized patients may have been possible because of reasons such as anawareness of the importance of improving safety culture with evidence-basedsuggestions. The authors conclude by expressing the need for finding ways to maintain oraccelerate the rate of decline in adverse events relating to patient harm. They believe thatinvesting in patient safety research programs and ensuring that patient safety remains ahigh priority for hospital leadership teams can help reduce the number of adverse events.4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article is relevant to patient safety because it examines evidence of reduction inpatient harms in hospitals and offers approaches to reduce such harms.Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965In this article, the authors express their concern about health care professionals,particularly medical laboratory science (MLS) practitioners, being insufficiently trainedto achieve the five core competencies that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified in2002. The authors discuss ways to incorporate patient safety practices and concepts in theMLS curricula to ensure that future MLS practitioners are well-versed in theabovementioned competencies identified by the IOM. The authors conclude that byfocusing on the aims and competencies identified by the IOM, future practitioners will bebetter equipped to deal with patient safety concerns while practicing MLS. This articlewas chosen because it offers a solution for dealing with patient safety issues and explainshow patient safety concepts can be incorporated in the curricula for courses pertaining tohealth care, such as MLS, to enable future health care practitioners to provide effectivehealth care.Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-0050555Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.This article provides a systematic review of available empirical literature to understandhow health care managers are involved in delivering quality health care and ensuringpatient safety. Based on the literature review, the authors suggest that board-levelmanagers should spend more than 25% of their time on patient safety and quality toensure positive outcomes; however, most of the reviewed studies indicate that they spendmuch less time than that. The authors also present a quality management input processoutput (IPO) model, a framework that will help managers function effectively andachieve health care quality and safety. The authors conclude that there is a need to makecertain changes in hospitals to ensure the active involvement of managers in qualityimprovement. The article is relevant to patient safety because it discusses the role ofhealth care managers in influencing patient safety and quality care outcomes and alsoproposes a model to help managers understand this role.Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965This article provides a general understanding of the concepts of patient safety and patientsafety culture. The authors explain that the health care system is complex and patientsafety is the responsibility of every individual in a health care organization. They discusssome tools that can be used to measure patient safety culture, for example, the SafetyAttitudes Questionnaire and the Patient Safety Culture Improvement Tool. They alsoexamine several strategies to encourage a patient safety culture, such as ensuring thatpatient safety is given as much importance as other core business functions. This article6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.was chosen because it offers strategies for preventing adverse events relating to patientsafety and emphasizes the importance of teamwork within a health care organization toensure safe patient care.Learnings from the ResearchI gathered important facts and scholarly opinions about patient safety by going throughpeer-reviewed journal articles. This research enriched my knowledge about patient safety. Forexample, after reading the article on improving safety for hospitalized patients by Kronick et al.(2016), I learned about patient harms (such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections andpressure ulcers) that I was unaware of before this research. Further, by creating an annotatedbibliography, I was able to build a repository of scholarly resources relating to patient safety.This will make it easier for me to choose relevant resources while writing the paper on issuesconcerning patient safety.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesKronick, R., Arnold, S., & Brady, J. (2016, August 2). Improving safety for hospitalized patients:Much progress but many challenges remain. The JAMA Network, 316(5), 489–490.https://jamanetwork-com.library.capella.edu/journals/jama/fullarticle/2528945Morris, S., Otto, N. C., & Golemboski, K. (2013). Improving patient safety and healthcarequality in the 21st century—Competencies required of future medical laboratory sciencepractitioners. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 200–204. https://search-proquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1530677721/fulltextPDF/CF6F9C5B900402CPQ/1?acc ountid=27965Parand, A., Dopson, S., Renz, A., & Vincent, C. (2014). The role of hospital managers in qualityand patient safety: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055Ulrich, B., & Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: Foundations of excellenthealth care delivery. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 41(5), 447–456, 505.https://searchproquestcom.library.capella.edu/docview/1617932572/fulltextPDF/1486CC30B3624B3CPQ/1?ac countid=27965cf_Exemplar_NHS-FPX4000_Assessment_31.pdf1Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesLearner’s NameCapella UniversityNHS4000: Developing a Health Care PerspectiveInstructor NameAugust, 20202Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Applying Ethical PrinciplesHealth care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that requirethem to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamentalprinciples of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice—act asyardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted inthe field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use theseprinciples to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.Overview of the Case StudyBetsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows herpatients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healingand discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. The child suddenly becomesunresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley ishaving the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concernedabout the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirleyused to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced toabout 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain thatShirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. Atthe very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parentsand Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as3Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. Theystress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she willbe cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religiousfaith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful thatBetsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute aboutgoing against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethicaldilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in thematter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case StudyIn the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. WhenBetsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medicalattention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides toexplain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversationso that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medicalintervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures.Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy isconcerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case StudyThe three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moraljudgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment4Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Bothmoral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the rightaction to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizesthe circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Her moral judgment is reflected by herdecision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believedthat it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes toresolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles ofhealth care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as ahealth care professional.Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case StudyListening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening toAlice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers andfaith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent ofShirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping herboundaries as a health care professional. So, she decides to present them with the informationthey need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’sparents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses theimportance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’sparents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsycommunicates the situation to them in an effective manner.During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell areempathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their5Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so thathe could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients whohave similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decisionif Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learningdifficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable toconvince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed.Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, itseems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care whilecommunicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from thiscase study.Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical PrinciplesThe four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice areoften employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to acceptingand understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patientsfairly without bias.The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basicprinciples of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflictbetween the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on theother. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs andnot coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try toexplain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.6Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the governmentto counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could beconsidered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to helpShirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoringher seizures (nonmaleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle ofautonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind(Baumrucker et al., 2017).ConclusionThe four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals toanalyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respectingShirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health careprofessional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding theprinciples of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.7Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.ReferencesBaumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. AmericanJournal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Capella Website:xxx.http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/104990911560881212Bids(70)Miss DeannaDr. Ellen RMMathProgrammingMISS HILLARY A+abdul_rehman_Emily ClareSTELLAR GEEK A+Prof Double RYoung NyanyaJahky BProWritingGuruSheryl HoganDr. Adeline ZoeDr M. MichelleAshley EllieDr. Sophie MilesTutor Cyrus KenIsabella HarvardWIZARD_KIMColeen AndersonShow All Bidsother Questions(10)Which of the following statements is not a similarity between a habitat and an ecosystem?

A  Habitats and ecosystems are both…Photosynthesis is the process in which plants take sunlight energy and convert into chemical energy (ATP). Using special organelles called chloroplasts; plants will undergo a conversion that results in the formation of ATP, a carbohydrate and oxygen. ThHELPCIS 267 Technical Project “Designing VB Applications Across Multiple Platforms” in VS 2010Discussion Questions need answeringdiscussionOPS/ WEEK 2 LEARNING TEAM REFLECTION- How are Ratio Reinforcement Schedules different from Interval Reinforcement Schedules?

– What is an Implication and Inference of Observational learning?BSHS 465 WEEK 5-MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING ANALYSIS VIDEODrawn

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