questions

Question 1 (1 point)

Some parts of the brain that belong to the limbic system are the

Question 1 options:

a)	amygdala and hippocampus

b)	basal ganglia and cingulate cortex.

c)	thalamus and hypothalamus.

d)	pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.

Question 2 (1 point)

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we feel fear when

Question 2 options:

a)	we have learned that fear responses lead to rewards.

b)	we see others showing fear.

c)	we feel the fight-or-flight response is underway.

d)	we judge that a threat is present.

Question 3 (1 point)

Which is NOT an important principle of the study devoted to the biological bases of behavior (behavioral neuroscience, psychobiology, physiological psychology):

Question 3 options:

a)	the nervous system controls and responds to body functions and directs behavior

b)	nervous system structure and function are determined by both genes and environment throughout life

c)	every behavior can be explained solely by reference to the brain

d)	the brain is the foundation of the mind, making learning, memory, language, and other processes possible

Question 4 (1 point)

Which of the following is NOT true about amnesia?

Question 4 options:

a)	It may involve an inability to form new memories.

b)	It is always caused by brain damage.

c)	It may involve an inability to retrieve old memories.

d)	Amnesic patients typically recover within a few days.

Question 5 (1 point)

Stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

Question 5 options:

a)	changes in respiration

b)	the quality and quantity of dreams

c)	changes in the electrical activity of the brain

d)	changes in consciousness

Question 6 (1 point)

The sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain

Question 6 options:

a)	the exocytosis of neurotransmitters

b)	the resting membrane potential

c)	new growth in axons

d)	circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brainstem

Question 7 (1 point)

Study of the function of the living human brain is difficult for all the following reasons, EXCEPT

Question 7 options:

a)	it is unethical to induce brain damage in humans for the purpose of research

b)	brain damage is rarely the same from case to case

c)	a damaged brain gives us little information about brain structure and function in the living brain

d)	it is difficult to obtain the brain of a person who has suffered brain damage

Question 8 (1 point)

The knee-jerk or myotatic reflex occurs when

Question 8 options:

a)	muscle spindles are stretched

b)	Golgi tendon organs are stretched

c)	muscles contract

d)	the spinal cord is injured

Question 9 (1 point)

Psychological disorders are often explained by referring to heredity, mental processing and social relationships together. This type of explanation follows the

Question 9 options:

a)	Cannon-Bard model

b)	James-Lange model

c)	dandelion-orchid model

d)	biopsychosocial model

Question 10 (1 point)

The increasing permanence of a memory is referred to as

Question 10 options:

tolerance

b)	consolidation

encoding

d)	law of mass action

Question 11 (1 point)

Hair cells transduce (choose most complete correct answer)

Question 11 options:

a)	sound intensity and frequency

b)	sound intensity and frequency and head movement

c)	head movement and acceleration

d)	vibration, compass direction, and bodily twist

Question 12 (1 point)

Oxytocin is associated with which of the following emotions?

Question 12 options:

a)	fear and anxiety

b)	love and trust

disgust

d)	decorticate rage

Question 13 (1 point)

The semicircular canals contain hair cells that sense

Question 13 options:

dizziness

b)	where the gaze is directed

c)	head movement and acceleration

d)	static head position

Question 14 (1 point)

Retinotopic, tonotopic, and somatotopic representation are all forms of

Question 14 options:

a)	mapping receptors onto separate regions of sensory cortex

b)	organization of cerebral cortical neurons into columns

c)	sensory plasticity

d)	development repeating sequences of events also found in evolution

Question 15 (1 point)

The persistence across many generations of a psychological disorder that is heavily influenced by heredity suggests that the behavior disorder may once have been

Question 15 options:

adaptive

learned

c)	considered normal

d)	epigenetic

Question 16 (1 point)

The basal ganglia include

Question 16 options:

a)	amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus

b)	frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes

c)	caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

d)	midbrain, pons, and medulla

Question 17 (1 point)

An inability to form new permanent (long-term) memories is called

Question 17 options:

a)	anterograde amnesia

b)	retrograde amnesia

c)	transient global amnesia

d)	tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 18 (1 point)

Stress hormones of the adrenal glands are

Question 18 options:

a)	corticotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH

b)	acetylcholine and serotonin

c)	androgens and estrogens

d)	epinephrine/norepinephrine and cortisol

Question 19 (1 point)

Which of the following patterns would you diagnose as Broca’s aphasia?

Question 19 options:

a)	Impaired speech production in patients who are aware of the difficulty

b)	Impaired speech comprehension in patients who are unaware of the difficulty

c)	Inability to remember the names of things

d)	Ability to speak more than one language

Question 20 (1 point)

Which of the following is most likely to be the major neuronal process underlying consolidation?

Question 20 options:

a)	lateral inhibition

b)	receptor adaptation

c)	long-term potentiation

d)	glycolysis

Question 21 (1 point)

Based on the study of patient H.M., it has been concluded that

Question 21 options:

a)	short-term memories are stored within the hippocampus

b)	the hippocampus is required for retrieval of long-term memories

c)	the hippocampus converts short-term memories into long-term memories

d)	long-term memories are stored within the hippocampus

Question 22 (1 point)

Which of the following is true of learning?

Question 22 options:

a)	Learning and memory are synonymous.

b)	Long-term memories are related to the electrical activity of the brain

c)	Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experience.

d)	Learning is possible in the absence of memory.

Question 23 (1 point)

Verbal behavior is said to be a lateralized function of the left hemisphere in that

Question 23 options:

a)	most language problems are noted after damage to the right rather than to the left hemisphere

b)	most language problems are noted after damage to the left rather than to the right hemisphere

c)	right-handed persons are more likely to have their language center located within the right hemisphere

d)	electrical stimulation of the left hemisphere has a smaller effect on language than does similar stimulation of the right hemisphere

Question 24 (1 point)

When your friend tells you she has just won a new car, you are likely to experience

Question 24 options:

a)	misattribution of emotion to a bodily complaint

b)	the fight-or-flight response

c)	chronic inflammation

d)	the spillover effect

Question 25 (1 point)

A failure of memory consolidation occurs most commonly in

Question 25 options:

a)	stressful circumstances

b)	anterograde amnesia

c)	retrograde amnesia

d)	the hypothalamus

Question 26 (1 point)

Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in

Question 26 options:

a)	speech perception

b)	emotional experience

c)	understanding social rules

d)	motor movements

Question 27 (1 point)

The idea that our emotions result from bodily changes such as adrenaline secretion is called the

Question 27 options:

a)	Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

b)	James-Lange theory of emotion

c)	Klüver-Bucy theory of emotion

d)	saltatory conduction of thought

Question 28 (1 point)

If one neuron is intensely stimulated by another, the transmission of action potentials between them may be facilitated. This is called

Question 28 options:

a)	synaptic facilitation

b)	long-term potentiation

c)	heterosynaptic facilitation

d)	long-term depression

Question 29 (1 point)

Memories are stored

Question 29 options:

a)	in the hippocampus

b)	in the basal ganglia

c)	in the cerebellum

d)	at numerous locations in the brain

Question 30 (1 point)

Saying that schizophrenia has a genetic basis means that

Question 30 options:

a)	there is a gene that is responsible for schizophrenia

b)	schizophrenic parents will have schizophrenic children

c)	a twin of a schizophrenic person has a greater than average chance of developing schizophrenia

d)	some races are more schizophrenic than others

Question 31 (1 point)

Post-concussion syndrome may include

Question 31 options:

a)	anterograde amnesia

b)	the fight-or-flight response

c)	improved consolidation

d)	repetitive or prolonged behavior called perseveration

Question 32 (1 point)

Severe stress

Question 32 options:

a)	impairs learning but helps retrieval

b)	helps learning but impairs retrieval

c)	impairs both learning and retrieval

d)	helps both learning and retrieval

Question 33 (1 point)

Stress that disturbs the momentary resting state of the body is usually

Question 33 options:

bad

good

c)	sometimes bad and sometimes good

d)	a side effect of chronic inflammation

Question 34 (1 point)

Memory loss resulting from stress most often affects

Question 34 options:

a)	episodic memory

b)	semantic memory

c)	procedural memory

d)	memories stored in the cerebellum

Question 35 (1 point)

The patient known as H.M. demonstrated which important aspects of amnesia?

Question 35 options:

a)	Plasticity in recovering from significant brain damage; importance of past experience in forming memories; reliance of emotional regulation on frontal cortex

b)	Importance of youth in surviving major brain damage; dependence of brain plasticity on the Y chromosome.

c)	Involvement of the hippocampus in memory; ability of one kind of learning, such as mirror drawing, to survive amnesia affecting other kinds of learning.

d)	Confirmation of the amygdala as a “fear center” and of prefrontal cortex as a inhibitor of the amygdala.

Question 36 (1 point)

The role of neural reorganization in recovery of function after brain damage can be described as

Question 36 options:

a)	controversial, but it is assumed to play some role

b)	recently well-understood

c)	well-understood only in lower mammals

d)	well-established

Question 37 (1 point)

In the cochlea, the basilar membrane discriminates among different sound frequencies by

Question 37 options:

a)	shortening its length for low frequencies and lengthening for high frequencies

b)	inhibiting hair cells.

c)	showing more resonance in the left ear than in the right ear.

d)	vibrating more to high sound frequencies at its base than at its apex.

Question 38 (1 point)

The bodily change most likely to contribute to depression is

Question 38 options:

a)	dehydration

b)	resilience

c)	chronic inflammation

d)	acute inflammation

Question 39 (1 point)

The parts of the brain that participate in the stress response belong to the

Question 39 options:

a)	hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

b)	limbic system

c)	reptilian brain

d)	pyramidal motor system

Question 40 (1 point)

Chronic stress attacks synapses in the brain with the help of

Question 40 options:

a)	lateral inhibition

b)	epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol

c)	sleep deprivation

d)	cytokines and microglia

Question 41 (20 points)

Why is it misleading to explain psychological disorders such as depression by attributing them to either heredity or experience, but not both? Use evidence in your answer.

Question 41 options:

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Question 42 (20 points)

Describe evidence from studies of (a) neuronal recording and (b) lesions of brain structures that the hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation.

Question 42 options:

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Question 43 (20 points)

Using the attached graph (see below), describe each step in the action potential. Include the ions responsible, in which direction they are moving, and other details necessary for the action potential to move down the axon. Be sure to label each part of your answer with the correct letter on the graph below.

Action potential graph