Provide a 3-4 sentence response to the discussion question answer that is provided below. The original question will also be provided.

Response: The list of research and practice is 1) Systematic reviews followed by the following,

2) Randomized control trials (RCT’s), 3) Non-randomized controlled studies, 4) Controlled cohort studies, 5) Uncontrolled cohort studies, 6) Case studies and case series, qualitative and descriptive studies, EBP implementation, and QI projects, and 7) Expert opinion (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2018).

There are many methods of research. One must start out with a review of the literature in their inquiry. One of the reasons is to see what research has been done as to not duplicate unnecessary research. A review will also help to see where to begin a research study or project. If a project is desired, is there enough evidence with reliability, validity, applicability, and replicability? If the evidence is sufficient, and has been applied to quality improvement and/or EBP projects then it can be possibly considered as expert opinion. Whatever you find in the process at least you can then consider if the research has the necessary information available or whether you may want to find another topic for research. It depends on what your reason is for the search.

Original Question: What levels of evidence are present in relation to research and practice, and why it is important regardless of the method you use?

For the middle-aged adult, exercise can reduce the risk of various health problems. Choose two at-risk health issues that regular physical exercise and activity can help prevent and manage. Discuss the prevalence of each of these health problems in society today. Describe measures that you would take as a nurse to assist clients with health promotion measures to incorporate exercise and physical activity into their lives. Include the kind of activities you would recommend, the amount of exercise, and the approach you would use to gain cooperation from the client. Support your response with evidence-based literature.

Professional Code of Ethics/ Nurse works (General Hospital)/ 2-3pages/ No Plagiarism

THE PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS

I. Task

1. In a Professional Ethics Course, an assignment on the Code of Ethics in any professional area of your interest, an assignment such as this one is to be expected. So, the first step for this assignment is for you to figure out which kind of profession—a job, if you will—you are interested. Then come the following instructions.

2. After determining your academic major or future profession/job, 

o Find or locate the code of ethics issued by the Professional Association in your area of professional interest. Note: Just research the code on the Internet or go, preferably, get one from the Association office here in Baltimore or Washington, DC.

o Provide the table of contents of the copy of the code of ethics that you managed to get. Note: Just type the table of contents

o Identify the major moral principles upon which the whole code of ethics rests. Here just list those values and document them in the code of ethics by indicating the section under which each principle is found.

o Describe succinctly the standards of professional practice that are based on the principles listed above under 2.2

3. Finally, submit in canvas, a (one) file consisting of the following: 

3.1  The table of contents of the code of ethics issued by the Professional Association in the area of your professional interest.

3.2  A list of the major moral principles stated above 2.3.

3.3 A description of the standards of professional practice.

Failure to meet this deadline will automatically result in zero being assigned as a grade to you. No excuses will be accepted because I have to turn the grades in to the Administration on time. 

This week’s topics relate to the following Course Outcome (CO).

• CO9: Examine future trends in community health nursing, including the impact of information systems and evidence-based practice. (PO8)

Review this week’s lesson and assigned reading on the nurses’ role in population health, and reflect on what you have learned in this course. Address the following questions.

• What future concerns are likely to impact public health?
• How do you see global health concerns impacting your community?
• Identify one way that you can implement population health in your community or workplace.

Please share specific examples.

Textbook: 

Nies, M. A., & McEwen, M. (2019). Community/Public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.

• Chapter 15: Health in the Global Community, pp. 275-278, 281-284

Required Articles:

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2017). Catalysts for change: Harnessing the power of nurses to build population health in the 21st century [executive summary]. Retrieved from https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2017/rwjf440286 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Premji, S. S., & Hatfield, J. (2016). Call to action for nurses/nursing. Biomed Research International, 2016, 3127543. doi:10.1155/2016/3127543. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=27144160&site=eds-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Lesson:

The Future of Community Health Nursing

Introduction:

As we look to the future, nurses focused on population health concerns will continue to play an essential role in improving the health of our nation and the world. Increased emphasis on health promotion and illness prevention will help to build a culture of health. Technology can play an important role in this effort. “Nursing informatics (NI) is the specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice” (American Nurses Association, 2014, para. 1).

Community health nurses have been pioneers in the use of information systems. Long ago, they recognized the value of electronic health records to store, transport, and report data online. The need to collect and report aggregate data has spurred the digitization of community and public health records. Also, community health nurses have understood the value of handheld computing devices that allow them to access and document information while on the go, thus freeing them from the need to tote paper records or go to the office to chart. Information technology has influenced the way that community health nurses carry out their daily functions in profound ways.

Nursing Informatics

Nursing informatics constitutes the use of specific tools, functional areas, and competencies. The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (2015) asserts that healthier communities can be created through health information technology and nursing informatics, but how can this be accomplished? Community health nurses are involved in the following aspects of information management.

• Public health informatics includes reporting, outbreak response, surveillance, health promotion, and electronic laboratory reporting, among other types of applications.
• Clinical informatics pertains to informatics and information technology used by clinicians, including nurses who are involved in system design, implementation, and adoption.

Image DescriptionReflection

Think about your computer and information literacy levels. Are they adequate for the role of a community health nurse? What are areas in nursing informatics for which you would like to grow your skills?

Tools for Information Management in the Community

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2009) has developed informatics competencies for public health professionals. These include the following skills.

• Leadership and thinking
• Financial planning and management
• Public health science
• Cultural competency
• Analytic and assessment
• Community practice
• Policy development and program planning

As you can see, the skill set is very broad.

Impact of Health IT

Communities have leveraged the power of health information technology to help serve their populations. Let’s look at a few uses of health IT and consider if these are present in your community at large.

Consumer E-Health Tools

People use a variety of tools to access and update their health information. These tools enhance participation and involvement in the healthcare process.

Personal health records (PHRs) are controlled by the patient and not the healthcare provider. Individuals can generate many health records during a lifetime. Think about how many healthcare providers you may have encountered since your birth. One way to create a comprehensive cradle-to-grave health record is to give responsibility to the individual to maintain it. There are still many issues to resolve before PHRs become a common part of the health IT landscape.

The Question

What barriers exist to the widespread adoption and use of PHRs?

Your Answer

Compare Answers

Health kiosks are publicly available health information centers that can distribute materials to targeted audiences. For example, a pharmacy may be an ideal location for information about high blood pressure or diabetes testing. Research has shown that healthcare kiosks are a cost-effective way to provide education to patients and improve health outcomes (Roxanne, Suzanne, Edgardo, & William, 2014).

Smartphones are used increasingly to record and send health information via e-mail or short messages. These phones can help reinforce healthy behavior. One study found that influenza vaccine text message reminders to high risk clients increased compliance (Regan, Bloomfield, Peters, & Effler, 2017). The messages remind clients that flu season is approaching and they can call their local healthcare provider to schedule an appointment to receive their seasonal influenza vaccine! Community nurses can recommend mobile phone services and a wide array of health apps to help our clients and aggregates prevent illness and improve their health.

Technology exists all around us, but are we exploiting its potential? Think of creative ways in which a commonly owned device, such as a smartphone, could be used to promote healthy living among your population.

Telehealth

This technology enables care providers to deliver healthcare at a distance. It can take many forms but the more common approach is through phone, Internet, or video conferencing. Those in rural and underserved communities have welcomed the advantages that telehealth can bring, such as referral to specialists who live at a distance, remote monitoring of health conditions, and education and training to those in sparsely populated areas.

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is recognized as a world leader in the use of telehealth to meet the needs of veterans who have difficulty traveling to its large medical centers. The Telehealth Services (2015) has more than 700 community-based outpatient clinics that help bring care to this population but there are still not enough specialists to staff every site. A solution has been to bring the specialists to the veterans through real-time, clinic-based video telehealth. Healthcare providers can diagnose and manage care from a distance.

Health Information Exchanges (HIEs)

Health information exchanges do just what their label implies. Health-related data are made accessible to healthcare providers, public health officials, insurance companies, governmental agencies, and other key stakeholders.

Past Accomplishments

Building on Florence Nightingale’s achievements, Lillian Wald, Lavinia Dock, Mary Breckinridge, and other nursing visionaries cared for vulnerable populations. They embodied social justice, empowered communities, and were the voice for populations that had no voice.

In the early 20th century, public health focused on infectious disease control and better sanitation. Over time, the focus changed to lifestyles and health behaviors, a change exemplified by the Healthy People initiatives.

We are now in the process of implementing the Healthy People 2020 objectives, this is a good time to look back to the end of the 20th century and review what has been accomplished. At the close of the 20th century, the 10 greatest public health achievements for the century were recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Now that another decade has passed, the most recent achievements from 2001 to 2010 are listed below (not ranked in any specific order) (CDC, 2011).

The 10 Greatest Public Health Achievements

OneTwoThreeFourFiveSixSevenEightNineTen
Roll over each link on the left for more information.Reflection

As you think about these great public health achievements, what role has evidence-based practice played in their success?

Improvements in public health have had an immense impact on the U.S. population. The CDC report describes seven out of ten achievements that have focused on at least one of the major leading causes of death (CDC, 2011). Community and public health nurses will continue to serve in key roles to improving overall health of populations.

The Future

The Healthy People initiate has guided many improvements in health care and health outcomes. We are nearing the third decade guided by Healthy People. Great progress has been made in previous decades but we will continue to be challenged to meet the objectives. What does the future hold for us?

As we have read this week, in order to improve health for all populations, we have to include global health priorities. The CDC (2017) continues to lead the way in research, health promotion, and prevention. Recently outbreaks such as Zika, Ebola, and measles have heightened attention to global health. Watch this video created by the CDC on global health.

CDC. (2017). Protecting Americans through global health. Retrieved fromhttps://youtu.be/IsITU2RLEo4 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.(3.44 min)

Transcript

Community health nurses will do what they have always done to make a difference in the health of individuals, families, aggregates, and communities. The traditional activities of monitoring the health status of communities and the environment, informing and educating, referring to needed resources, empowering communities, and mobilizing community partnerships to solve health problems, and evaluating their effectiveness will continue to be the focus of community health nursing practice. New information, challenges, and care delivery models will be available to aid in the efforts.

Reflection

Reflect on the course readings, discussion posts, and assignments you have completed during this term. Consider the following.

• What topics did you find to be of most benefit to you?
• How well prepared are you to assume a position as a community health nurse?
• What gaps remain in your knowledge and skill that you would like to close after this course is finished?
• How will you continue to advance your expertise in the future?

As you contemplate your answers, think about your future career path. Where do you see yourself working in the next year, two years, five years, and beyond? How will you get there?

Summary

This week, we explored the various uses of technology in the community health setting. As advances occur, a role of the community health nurse is to look for ways to use newer technologies to help them meet their mission—improve the health of the populations in their communities.

This course has provided you with the basic foundation to become a community health nurse. The principles that have been presented are applicable to any type of nursing you may pursue. We wish you the best on your journey toward becoming a Chamberlain University, College of Nursing, BSN-prepared nurse.

References

American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Nursebooks.org.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017). Protecting Americans through global health. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IsITU2RLEo4

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2009). Competencies for public health informaticians 2009. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/informaticscompetencies/pdfs/phi-competencies.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Ten great public health achievements: United States, 2001–2010. MMWR, 60(19), 619–623.

Health Information and Management Systems Society. (2015). Position statement: Nursing informatics. Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/library/nursing-informatics/position-statement

Regan, A. K., Bloomfield, L., Peters, I., & Effler, P. V. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of text message reminders for increasing influenza vaccination. Annals of Family Medicine, 15(6), 507–514. doi:10.1370/afm.2120

Roxanne, N., Suzanne, B., Edgardo, O., & William, S. (2014). Medical utilization of kiosks in the delivery of patient education: A systematic review. Health Promotion Perspectives, 4(1), 1–8. doi:10.5681/hpp.2014.001

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: VA Telehealth Services. (2015). Real-time clinic based video telehealth. Retrieved from https://www.telehealth.va.gov/real-time/index.asp