1 postsRe: Topic 5 DQ 2

This catastrophic earthquake took place on January 12, 2010, in the country of Haiti. With a magnitude of 7.0. on the Richter scale, this earthquake took many lives. An international relief operation was initiated soon after the earthquake happened. The United States sent thousands of military troops to Haiti to provide resources, help with finding lost loved ones and friends and help sustain peace.

According to Green (2018), “Primary prevention in disaster management involves planning prior to the disaster.” Thinking of the situation that is taking place and planning how to overcome the obstacles to help treat and save people. For instance, access to surgical, medical and emergency equipment, plans set in place to handle burns, trauma or other issues that might occur. Access needs to also be available to medications like antibiotics and IV fluid. Additionally, Green (2018) adds that “Secondary prevention may occur when the onset of the disaster has occurred or within hours of its impact; this is when the response occurs during a disaster.” This could be priority immunizations, including mass vaccination campaigns for tetanus immunization as part of wound care. This happens in the second phase to insure that once people are not in danger, they do not get an infection from a secondary situation. Secondary situations to educate on would be wound care and proper dressing change Finally, Green (2018 ) describes the last stage as “Tertiary prevention occurs after the offending event has ceased and the focus is on recovery.” This stage is when the recovery process begins. The duration of the recovery phase varies and can focus on the mental health of persons involved in the tragedy. Spiritual guidance and prayer are highly recommended at this stage to help people cope with the disaster.

There are many organizations that manage a crisis to this magnitude. One organization that I would work with is FEMA. FEMA is trained to respond to crisis situations and has a protocol already in place to follow to ensure the safest and most effective rescue and treatment for the public. I would also work with the American Red Cross. This organization is also highly trained to deal with disaster situations and getting proper supplies to people in need. I would also work with community churches and faith-based organizations to help people spiritually and mentally.

References

Community and Public Health: The Future of Health Care. (2018). Retrieved from Grand Canyon University (Ed.): https://lc.

Discussion: Healthcare Trends and Financial Management

What is your background as a nurse in healthcare and how do you expect to apply the information that you learn in this course?

Then, research news and other sources of information about healthcare trends in the United States. Describe one trend and at least three implications the trend could have for financial planning and decision-making within a healthcare organization, such as a hospital or clinic. Your post should include why you think the trend will have those implications.

Violence Prevention Research articles pertaining to the reporting of workplace violence:     Arnetz, J. E., Hamblin, L., Ager, J., Luborsky, M., Upfal, M. J., Russell, J., & Essenmacher, L. (2015). Underreporting of Workplace Violence: Comparison of Self-Report and Actual Documentation of Hospital Incidents. Workplace health & safety, 63(5), 200–210. doi:10.1177/2165079915574684  This study examined differences between self-report and actual documentation of workplace violence (WPV) incidents in a cohort of health care workers. The study was conducted in an American hospital system with a central electronic database for reporting WPV events. In 2013, employees (n = 2010) were surveyed by mail about their experience of WPV in the previous year. Survey responses were compared with actual events entered into the electronic system. Of questionnaire respondents who self-reported a violent event in the past year, 88% had not documented an incident in the electronic system. However, more than 45% had reported violence informally, for example, to their supervisors. The researchers found that if employees were injured or lost time from work, they were more likely to formally report a violent event. Understanding the magnitude of underreporting and characteristics of health care workers who are less likely to report may assist hospitals in determining where to focus violence education and prevention efforts.  Strength- Approval for study was granted by the Internal Review Board at the University, and the Research Review Council of the hospital system. Article was peer reviewed. Analysis was completed by Chi-Square. The study was aimed at comparing self-report of WPV with actual documentation of violent incidents, it also intended to highlight which care areas had the highest incident of WPV,due to poor responsiveness of participants it highlights underreporting as a critical barrier to developing WPV prevention strategies.  Weakness- questionaires are limited by design, and it is hard to quantify underreporting of workplace violence among healthcare workers. Data collection was completed by a questionaire mailed to the homes of employees. Only 22% of employees responded to the questionaire. The questionaire asked respondents to retrospectively recall incidents from the past year, creating recall bias. Another limiting factor to the study, while hospital policy mandates violent episode reporting there may be underreporting as the study did not examine what types of violent expericences therefor some individuals may not deem certain behaviors as violent, such non-physical incidents,      Campbell, C. L., Burg, M. A., & Gammonley, D. (2015). Measures for incident reporting of patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers: A systematic review. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 25, 314–322. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.014  Patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers is a significant health and public affairs problem receiving international attention. Such violence is found to occur regardless of healthcare setting or provider discipline. However, most of the evidence of a high frequency of incidents perpetrated against providers is anecdotal and solid data on the prevalence of these incidents is not yet available. Studies have shown that accurate incident reporting remains one of the primary impediments to creating organizational policies and procedures to ensure the safety of the clinical direct care healthcare provider. Yet there is no clear evidence base currently existing to suggest what measures are of most utility in remedying this underreporting. This article contributes to the literature by conducting a systematic review of existing instruments designed to measure and report incidents of patient violence against health care workers. It is hoped that this review of existing measures will stimulate health care agencies to employ routine provider reporting mechanisms in order to increase provider reporting, improve the data on patient violence and consequentially work towards combatting this public affairs problem.  Strength: This article is a systematic review of literature over the last 20 years. Both conceptual and systematic research articles were utilized for this review. Articles were excluded that were not published in peer review journals. The study included all articles written in English as part of its inclusion criteria. This meta-analysis found that violence in nursing is an international problem. The research did include three large scale studies, two national level studies from Australia and one international study. The conclusion highlights a lack of standardized measures for reporting and no standardized systematic approaches to handle WPV. But findings did suggest that violence is prevalent and underreported.  Weakness: the study was limited to only English written articles.  It is important to note that the research excluded articles of violence perpetuated by patient visitor.   Copeland, D., & Henry, M. (n.d.). Workplace Violence and Perceptions of Safety Among Emergency Department Staff Members: Experiences, Expectations, Tolerance, Reporting, and Recommendations. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA NURSING, 24(2), 65–77. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000269  Workplace violence (WPV) is a widely recognized problem in emergency departments (EDs). The majority of WPV studies do not include nonclinical staff and do not address expectations of violence, tolerance to violence, or perceptions of safety. Among a multidisciplinary sample of ED staff members, specific study aims were to (a) describe exposure to WPV; (b) describe perceptions of safety, tolerance to violence, and expectation of violence; (c) describe reporting behaviors and perceived barriers to reporting violence; (d) examine relationships between demographic variables, experiences of violence, tolerance to violence, perceptions of safety, and reporting behaviors; and (e) identify perceptions of viable interventions to improve workplace safety. A cross-sectional design was used to survey ED staff members in a Level 1 Shock Trauma center. Eleven disciplines were represented in 147 completed surveys; 88% of respondents reported exposure to WPV in the previous 6 months. Members of every discipline reported exposure to WPV; 98% of the sample felt safe at work and 64% felt violence was an expected part of the job. Most violence was not reported, primarily because “nobody was hurt.” Emergency department staff members expected and experienced violence; nevertheless, there was a widespread perception of safety. Perceptions of safety and reasons for not reporting did not mirror previous findings. The WPV exposure is not isolated to clinical staff members and occurs even when prevention strategies are in place. The definition of WPV and the individual’s interpretation of the event might preclude reporting.  Strength- this is a cross sectional study making the quality of evidence highly reliable. The study was multifactorial allowing for a broad examination of the perceptions of safety, toleration of violence, reporting behaviors and barriers, as well as demographic variables. It also identified potential interventions to improve workplace safety. One interesting note about the study is that while exposure to WPV was slightly higher than previous studies, respondents also noted a perception of safety greater than the exposure. This bears the question of whether actual versus perceived safety are congruent?  Weakness- small sample size, and only included one facility. Because most of the respondents were at least BSN prepared and were certified in their specialties with more than 11 years of experience, the perceptions and experiences of respondents may be different than nurses with less experience in handling challenging behaviors. Less experienced nurses may not recognize escalating behaviors or know how to de-escalate a situation prior to violence. This may ultimately change perceptions of safety comparable to peers. Because the study was multifactorial it is worth mentioning that there were docuemtned inconsistencies in “formal” reporting.   Hogarth, K. M., Beattie, J., & Morphet, J. (2016). Nurses’ attitudes towards the reporting of violence in the emergency department. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 19(2), 75. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edo&AN=115741170&site=eds-live&scope=site  The incidence of workplace violence against nurses in emergency departments is underreported. Thus, the true nature and frequency of violent incidents remains unknown. It is therefore difficult to address the problem. Aim To identify the attitudes, barriers and enablers of emergency nurses to the reporting of workplace violence. Method Using a phenomenological approach, two focus groups were conducted at a tertiary emergency department. The data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Violent incidents in this emergency department were underreported. Nurses accepted violence as part of their normal working day, and therefore were less likely to report it. Violent incidents were not defined as ‘violence’ if no physical injury was sustained, therefore it was not reported. Nurses were also motivated to report formally in order to protect themselves from any possible future complaints made by perpetrators. The current formal reporting system was a major barrier to reporting because it was difficult and time consuming to use. Nurses reported violence using methods other than the designated reporting system. Conclusion While emergency nurses do report violence, they do not use the formal reporting system. When they did use the formal reporting system they were motivated to do so in order to protect themselves. As a consequence of underreporting, the nature and extent of workplace violence remains unknown.  Strength: The method utilized for this study was a phenomenological approach, in this context the intention was to have participants describe and attach meaning to their experiences in relation to the underreporting of WPV. Ethics approval was obtained by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee and the relevant hospital ethics committee, the study was peer reviewed. Nurses did make reports informally, when nurses did complete formal reports they were able to track the progress and learn the outcomes which they perceived as beneficial  Weakness: Nurses did not formally report because the reporting system was too cumbersome and was not user friendly. Because the study was voluntary, participants may hold a strong degree of bias about the subject. Because the study was conducted in a public forum, some may feel reluctant to speak freely   Findorff MJ, McGovern PM, Wall MM, & Gerberich SG. (2005). Reporting violence to a health care employer: a cross-sectional study. AAOHN Journal, 53(9), 399–406. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=106545936&site=eds-live&scope=site  The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify individual and employment characteristics associated with reporting workplace violence to an employer and to assess the relationship between reporting and characteristics of the violent event. Current and former employees of a Midwest health care organization responded to a specially designed mailed questionnaire. The researchers also used secondary data from the employer. Of those who experienced physical and non-physical violence at work, 57% and 40%, respectively, reported the events to their employer. Most reports were oral (86%). Women experienced more adverse symptoms, and reported violence more often than men did. Multivariate analyses by type of reporting (to supervisors or human resources personnel) were conducted for non-physical violence. Reporting work-related violence among health care workers was low and most reports were oral. Reporting varied by gender of the victim, the perpetrator, and the level of violence experienced.  Strength: this was a cross sectional design, using a random sample of 100 employees from over 21,000 individuals who work for the healthcare organization. Review boards for the university and the healthcare organization approved the survey instrument. Peer reviewed. This study was specific to who was likely to report and how frequently participants had experienced violence.  This study was interesting to discern demographically who was more likely to report and what criteria prompted persons to report.   Weakness: The study size was small with only 100 potential participants out of 21,000 organizational employees. Limitations to the study were modest response and recall bias. Participants may only remember the more serious incidents, and or report the more serious events. Another resulting bias may have been that those who participated in the study may or may not have been more motivated to respond based on their experiences with violence. Interestng, that the researchers attempted to assure confidentiality of the study participants, some staffers expressed concern about how results would be reported to their employer, which does speak to other studies that express fear of retaliation from victims.      Stene, J., Larson, E., Levy, M., & Dohlman, M. (2015). Workplace violence in the emergency department: giving staff the tools and support to report. The Permanente journal, 19(2), e113–e117. doi:10.7812/TPP/14-187  Workplace violence is increasing across the nation’s Emergency Departments (EDs) and nurses often perceive it as part of their job. Through a quality improvement project, reporting processes were found to be inconsistent and nurses often did not know what acts constitute violence. As a result, nurses were under-reporting violence in the ED, and as a direct result resources were not recognized or provided. A staff nurse-led workgroup developed an initial survey to assess the perception and occurrence of violence within the ED in nurses and patient care assistants. This workgroup evaluated the survey responses and identified a need for development of a brief, concise reporting tool and an educational program. A reporting tool was created and education was provided in multiple venues and modalities. A follow up process and support were given from nursing leadership. A post-education survey was completed by nurses and patient care assistants to assess their comprehension of acts of workplace violence, and found their perception that workplace violence was part of their job was reduced by half, along with increased knowledge about what acts constitute workplace violence and what is reportable to law enforcement. As a result of the education, the reporting of the violent acts has increased and staff perceive the ED to be a safer environment. With the appropriate education, reporting tool and leadership support, ED nurses can create a culture with a zero-tolerance policy for violence within the department, creating a safer environment for staff and patients.   Strength- The article was peer reviewed and offered several key insights into the benefit of educational programs that help ED staff understand what constitutes workplace violence and by developing a concise and easy to use reporting tool staff members became more consistent reporters of workplace violence. The educational tool utilized several different modalities that help with retention of knowledge.   Weakness- the study have many different limitations, the study was not approved by a review committee to confirm the reliability of the study questions. The study also only followed a small sample of individual in one hospital, so it is difficulty to generalized the results as a sample of the general target population. The questions on the survery were not reviewed by a review board prior to administration of assure validity of key related items, this may mean that vital information is excluded or it does not represent all of the conditions that the target population may encounter. Not all participants in the before and after survey were the same.            Reply  |  Quote & Reply                               Previous |  Next                                                                                                                                                                                                        © 2019 BNED LoudCloud LLC   Terms & Conditions |    Privacy Policy |      Tech Support        [Ver: 7.1]      Bookmarks   E-mail –  Oct 28, 2019 7:56:13 AM Mountain Standard Time                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Chrome   Firefox   IE Explorer   Safari                               Content loaded successfully

Nurses play a crucial role in health care. Nurses have a major role to play in demonstrating that access to care and quality management are essential components in health care. Nurses lead efforts to redesign roles and restructure health care organizations. Nurse leaders and managers go beyond obtaining education in business techniques to gaining skill in adapting that knowledge to meet the specific needs of delivery of cost-effective, quality care. Leadership and management roles for nurses are proliferating in health care organizations that are developing or evolving in response. (Yoder-Wise, 2014). A robotic sytstem in nursing is a very complicating process.A RoNA is highly desired to enhance the efficacy and quality of care that nurses and their paraprofessional staff can provide. A robotic system can incorporate the clinical judgment used by nurses, by letting the RoNA assist while nurses make the clinical judgment. Such an assistant could improve a nurse’s working conditions by off-loading some of their most physically demanding duties. This would lead less stress and work for nurses so that nurses are able to come up with an a appropriate clinical judgment (Hu, Edsinger & Lim, 2011). Without nurses their wouldn’t be anyone to fill  roles that require knowledge and skills to coordinate the care of patients or communities with the many other disciplines. Also without nurses our society won’t have anyone who can engage in the political process of policy development and coordinate care across disciplines and settings (Yoder-Wise, 2014).

References:

Hu, J., Edsinger, A., & Lim, Y.-J. (2011). An advanced medical robotic system augmenting healthcare capabilities – robotic nursing assistant . Retrieved from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5980213

Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014). Leading and Managing in Nursing (6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.

Reply to the discussion above.

Purpose

This week’s graded topic relates to the following Course Outcome (CO).

CO1: Applies principles of nursing, theories, and the care philosophies to self, colleagues, individuals, families, aggregates and communities throughout the healthcare system. (PO#1)

Discussion

Care expressed and practiced in professional nursing models provides a way of looking at the nursing role from the aspect of care. It may seem excessive to consider aspects of caring and compassion in nursing. However, precisely because it IS nursing makes it crucial to our continual progress of defining and upholding one of our central professional principles.

Address each of these items:

• Reflect on a caring and compassionate experience with a patient or family encountered in your practice. How was your compassion demonstrated? What other ways do you wish you would have expressed caring?
• How does your thinking about compassion expand to include self and colleagues?

Please complete the iCARE Self-Assessment (Links to an external site.) and download for your own use and information. The self-assessment is not a graded item.

References: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Nursing Association [ANA]. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Publishing.