Week 2 Discussion: Religion and Ethics

Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

• Textbook: Chapters 3, 4
• Lesson
• Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Ebook Uploaded below:

Rachels, S., & Rachels, J. (2019). The elements of moral philosophy (9th ed.)

Initial Post Instructions
St. Augustine in the 5th Century held that we are free to make choices in life. This is the idea of free will. It may seem at first glance odd for a religious thinker to say that we have free will. After all, if God exists, then God created all things. God knows already what we will do. God can cause anything to occur. If we cause things to occur, that seems to be a limitation on the power of God and not make God all-powerful.

There are also religion traditions that say that we have no free will. There are some theologians in Islam who seem to suggest that is true. In order for this line of reasoning to hold true, one would need to believe free will is an illusion and that we have no control over how we live our lives, but rather that we are puppets moving and acting due to God’s will and the powers of destiny and fate. And if this then in the case, how can we possibly be responsible for our actions?

The considerations above show us to what degree our religious beliefs can shape us. For instance, someone who believes in free will may experience way more guilt than someone who believes we don’t have free will and thus aren’t responsible for the choices (and consequences) of the actions we take.

Personal struggles with religion and ethics occur in many places, including in the healthcare arena. Consider the following: You are a nurse in a hospital. A 12 year-old was brought to the hospital by an ambulance. The parents have just arrived at the hospital. This 12 year-old has lost a large amount of blood and requires a transfusion. The parents happen to be members of a religion that believes that blood transfusions are immoral. They want to remove the child from the hospital and prevent the transfusion even if it means the death of the child. You have to decide whether or not you will participate in an action that violates the will of the parents and aid in providing blood for the child. If you choose to participate, and even if you are able to legally justify it, you have to think about the distress you are creating for the parents. If you refuse to aid here, you may be subject to retaliation from the hospital. What is the moral thing for the nurse to do here?

Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, address the following questions:

1. What would a divine command ethicist say is the moral thing to do here? Why would they say that? Do you agree with the divine command ethics? Why or why not?
2. Evaluate what a natural law ethicist would say is right to do. Do you agree with them? Why or why not?
3. Given what you said are the right things to do, what would an emotivist say about your positions and judgments? What role does subjectivity play here in determining what is ethical?

Writing Requirements

• Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside scholarly source)
• APA format for in-text citations and list of references

Criteria

Initial Post Content: Addresses all aspects of the initial discussion question(s), applying experiences, knowledge, and understanding regarding all weekly concepts.

Evidence & Sources: Integrates evidence to support discussion from assigned readings** OR online lessons, AND at least one outside scholarly source.*** Sources are credited.*

Professional Communication: Presents information using clear and concise language in an organized manner (minimal errors in English grammar, spelling, syntax, and punctuation).

Notes

Credited means stating where the information came from (specific article, text, or lesson). Examples: our text discusses…., The information from our lesson states…, Smith (2010) claimed that…, Mary Manners (personal communication, November 2017)…

**Assigned readings are those listed on the syllabus or assignments page as required reading. This may include text readings, required articles, or required websites.

***Scholarly source – per APA Guidelines, only scholarly sources should be used in assignments. These include peer-reviewed publications, government reports, or sources written by a professional or scholar in the field. Wikipedia, Wikis, .com websites or blogs should not be used as anyone can add information to these sites. For the discussions, reputable internet sources such as websites by government agencies (.gov) and respected organizations (.org) can be counted as scholarly sources. Outside sources do not include assigned required readings.

Read chapter 9 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentation.  Once done work on the following exercise.

     1.  Write your opinion on respecting and honoring the needs of those who have a culture that we are not familiar with and speak a different language.

1. Include standards for cultural sensitivity established by credible organizations.
2. Discuss the unique challenges of living in a foreign culture.
3. What health implications emerge from not adhering to the above standards? 
4.  Write your opinion on how to improve awareness of the cultural needs of patients and families in a hospital environment.
5. Discuss the effect that the culture of the organization has on the education about cultural needs.
6. Identify and prioritize three critical elements for meeting cultural needs.
7. *Search the standards for culturally competent by the ANA, Joint Commission, or AMA, IHI, or another organization and describe similarities and differences.

*ANA – American Nurses Association

*AMA – American Medical Association

*IHI – Institute of Health Improvement.

APA format word document, APA  A minimum of 2 evidence-based references (besides the class textbook) no older than 5 years must be used.   A minimum of 800 words is required and not exceeding 1,000 words (excluding the first and reference page).  Please make sure to follow the instructions as given and use either spell-check or Grammarly before you post your assignment.

APA STYLE.  lESS THAN 10% SIMILARITY. 

The following post is another student post to wish I have to react. Please add some extra information relate to what the student post. 

Question 1

The provision of culturally competent health care and respond to cultural and linguistic needs of patients is vital in nursing. Healthcare involves responding to not only physical needs of patients but also their emotional needs, values and issues affecting their lives. To effectively respond to these needs the organizations must understand a variety of diversities that include age, culture, gender, ethnicity, race, religion and socioeconomic status (Guerrero, Fenwick & Kong, 2017). As such, there is need for nurses and organizations to be culturally competent in order to provide care that respect the psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural values of patients.

1. A culturally competent organization provides services that respect and respond

to cultural and linguistic needs of the patients served. Several organizations including the Joint Commission and the America Nurses Association have set up standards of cultural sensitivity for credible organizations. Through the Institute of medicine (IOM), the US government has set up five core competencies that professionals working in a healthcare must address (Andres & Bolye, 2016). These include working in multidisciplinary team, apply quality and offer patient-centered care which takes into consideration the unique culture and language of the client. The sixth standard of the expert panel ten standards of practice for culturally competent nurse requires that healthcare organizations should provide structures and resources necessary for evaluation and meeting the culturally and linguistically appropriate needs of their diverse clients (Andres & Bolye, 2016). The joint commission also has standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate care. These standards require that organizational leadership create and maintain a culture that promotes safety and quality in an organization, meets patients’ needs. The standards requires that patients receive information in a manner they understand which means the language must be appropriate. There are also national standards for culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Healthcare.

b. These standards are meant to respond to challenges that people face when they need to seek healthcare away from their cultures and language. One of the major challenges in living in living in a foreign country is to get assimilated into the new culture. Studies shows that assimilation into the new culture may have impact on mental health due to stress encountered in learning the values, practices and believes in the new culture. Language barrier makes it hard for the individual to seek essential services.

c. Failure to adhere to standards for cultural sensitivity is related with health inequalities. There are differences in incidence mortality rates prevalence and burden of disease among specific population groups in the country.

Question 2

a. The culture of an organization affects its ability to deliver culturally competent care. Most of all, it affects education about cultural needs. An organizational culture determine whether education is valued within an organization and the type of assistance that is offered to promote education about cultural needs. An organizational culture determines the availability of efforts to facilitate provision of education that considers cultural caring values, symbols, beliefs and references for a diverse people.

b. There are three major steps towards becoming a culturally competent organizations. The first element is the analyses of data in communities to get an understanding of the cultural and linguistic composition therein. It is only in understanding a community that the different cultures therein can be identified and appropriate care provided. Secondly, there is communication of the findings to determine the priority areas that needs to be addressed (Brach, 2017). Thirdly, there is education of staff about the needs of the community and developing the appropriate programs to meet the needs of the community.

Question 3

There are similarities in the standards of culturally competent organizations provided by different organizations.  For example, the 2014 Joint Commission Standards addressing Culture require that patient’s right to receive information in a manner that they understand.

a. Similarly, the ANA requires that nurse administrators protect the rights of patients in healthcare including that of getting clear information during treatment thus requiring that the language used be appropriate.

b. The AMA promotes culturally appropriate education for healthcare personnel that will enable them effectively deliver treatment to a variety of communities (Jernigan et al., 2016). This is similar to the National Standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate care.

c. In a similar manner, the Institute of Healthcare Improvement (IHI) maintain that for a healthcare provide to be culturally competent, they must employ patent centered care which emphasize on the need for understanding information given affecting their care. Another similarity observed in the standards is the high focus on the patients and their needs. The primary focus of the standards is to ensure that patients receive care that is appropriate and results in the highest possible health standards. As such, the standards mention the patients in their statements.

On the other hand, each of the standards by these organizations are unique and present differences. The main differences in the standards are attributable to whom they are directed. For example, being primarily directed to nurses, the ANA standards mainly give directives to nurses and nurse managers on how to promote cultural competence within the organizations they work. Similarly, the AMA standards target doctors and physicians in organizations. The national standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate Services are designed for the general healthcare. The joint commission requires hospital leadership to be responsible for the provision of standards of care that are culturally appropriate. The IHI requires a consulted effort by hospital administration and healthcare professionals in providing culturally competent care.

References

Andres, A.M. & Bolye, J.S. (2016).  Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care (7th ed.).  ISBN 978-1-4511-9397-8

Brach, C. (2017). The journey to become a health literate organization: A snapshot of health system improvement. Studies in health technology and informatics, 240, 203.

Guerrero, E. G., Fenwick, K., & Kong, Y. (2017). Advancing theory development: exploring the leadership–climate relationship as a mechanism of the implementation of cultural competence. Implementation Science, 12(1), 133.

Jernigan, V. B. B., Hearod, J. B., Tran, K., Norris, K. C., & Buchwald, D. (2016). An examination of cultural competence training in US medical education guided by the tool for assessing cultural competence training. Journal of health disparities research and practice, 9(3), 150.

   The following work is another student answer to wish i have to react. Please ad some other extra information related to what the student post. APA LESS THAN 20 % SIMILARITY. 

1- Patient safety is vigorous and cannot be overestimated and neither can workstation security for nurses. Place of work safety is a subject of main apprehension and conversation for employees and managers in a diversity of professions and office settings. In nursing, patient safety is an important component of superiority nursing care. The qualities of patient outcomes contain:

-patient practical position: conserved or improved.

-patient safety: safe or uninjured.

-patient satisfaction: patient reportage of security and satisfaction.

These qualities are subjective by the qualifications of single patient characteristics and health difficulties, the organization of healthcare administrations and conventional health interferences. Furthermore, patient results organize meaningfully influence the superiority of nursing care.

2- When strains mount, there are a some kits you can do to calm the condition. First, breaths slow and deep, to gentle your own heart rate and peaceful your concentration. Then, when you’re prepared, reply in a peaceful, even tone. Second, when you see that the condition is commencement to worsen, you would propose moving to a private space for a conference. This might be a meeting room or a workplace with a door. Third, in some occurrences, dialogue to a manager may be the only progression of action. This is particularly true if you impression intimidated or the discussion was eavesdropped by a big amount of persons. You could be responsible for the argument even if you preserved your skill through the whole object. (John Boitnott, 2015).

3- Nurses who manipulation substances develop monetary liabilities to their companies because of bigger use of health profits, absenteeism, workstation accidents and connected workman’s reimbursement and incapacity claims, embezzlement and security problems, and reduced efficiency and in elevation turnover charges. Nurses with substances addiction problems need help. They are in hazard of injuring patients, the capacity’s status, the nursing occupation, and themselves. The significances of not reportage worries can be remote worse than those of reportage the problem. When a substance abuse condition is suspected, the nurse is usually retained on leave until an examination can be directed. The nursing management team and human resource leaders are obligatory to, in maximum states, inform the use of substance to the Board of Nursing (BON) and the local police department.

4- Musculoskeletal Injuries: Nurses and nursing assistants frequently hurt stresses, sprains, tears, overexertion and tendon injury from the corporal strains of their occupation. The greatest mutual reasons are from lifting patients on to operational-bed and beds, twisting completed to contribution patients during care, assertive wheelchairs and performance numerous procedures. The committee mentions that hospitals and nursing homes improve actual programs to reduce work-related injuries by provided that durable management, establishing real training agendas for new and current labors, and safeguarding suitable use of current and developing technology, including lifting and moving strategies and needleless medicine distribution organizations. (Dugan & Associates , 2018).

5- Sexual harassment can be verbal, physical, or visual. It can occur to females, males, transgender, and no gender-conforming individuals, and it is not forced by sexual orientation. Sexual harassment examples contain: distribution sexually inappropriate pictures or video recorder, directing expressive written communication, involvement discourteous jokes or sexual stories, creation sexual comments around appearance or body parts, trying to or essentially kissing or touching and other more. There are some steps to sustenance victims of sexual harassment and do somewhat supportive about sexual harassment in the workstation: implement a strong sexual harassment rule, make available mental health means to your workers, revenue all objections extremely and directly support the victim, train staffs and administrator at minimum two times per year on sexual harassment, and observer your workstation and expression for secret language of sexual harassment. (Matthew Jones, 2017).

6- Allergy to latex has developed a major health apprehension as a bigger quantity of persons in the workstation are affected. Health care employees unprotected to latex gloves or medical products with latex are particularly at risk. It is projected that 8-12% of healthiness care labors are rubber delicate. Needle stick damages have remained mutual in the place of work and are typically the source of many blood borne contagions in the workstation. Nurses are the greatest pretentious being at the front of contact. Needle stick prevention OSHA has been supporting for healthier prevention instruments at the workstation. Every worker must be prepared and ready to tail the experience regulator plan and as essential by worker protection policies. The strategy should have a comprehensive account of how a member would use particular protective clothing, work and manufacturing practice controls, medical following implements, get hepatitis B immunizations and other necessities stated in the blood borne pathogens standard. Greatest workplace violence doesn’t worsen to corporeal attack or homicide. Verbal abuse, like irritation, insults, aggressive influences, and intimidations of corporeal violence, is more mutual. Verbal abuse can happen in any labor situation, and can come from regulars, customers, colleagues, and anyone with a personal connection to an employee. Serious that staffs are qualified on signs and indications of possibly forceful staffs, clienteles, or visitors. This will allow them to explosion any about performances to a manager directly. Any cautioning signs or intimidations should be suitably replied to by managers and human resources. This might contain amplified safety and proposing workers that could develop forceful assistance previously an event happens. After a violent incident, managers should have strategies in place to report the occurrence and deliver medicinal behavior and additional help to affected workers.

3- ANA principal patient safety. ANA maintenances national and central rules and legislature that permit for flexible however satisfactory nurse employment strategies. Nurses and their complete information base permits them to production a life-threatening. Complete their watchfulness, nurses’ performance to save patients, safe, classify capacities of risk, and identify circumstances in essential of development. The registered nurse accumulates complete data related to the healthcare customer’s health or the condition. Nurse explores the assessment data to define the diagnoses or matters. Anticipated results for a plan customized to the healthcare customer or the condition. Improves a plan of care that recommends policies and interferences to reach predictable results. The nurse implements the involvements recognized in the plan.

4- The opinion of one of my coworker was base in different point:

Substance abuse among nurses: Substance abuse should disturb someone regardless of age, society, gender, financial condition or profession. Non-disciplinary plans, proposing an alternate to traditional correction, are currently used by a rising amount of national BONs. These courses offer the nurse with quick participation in a rehabilitation or management database and eliminate the nurse from on condition that care until security to preparation can be recognized and established.

Emergency preparation: nurses to reinforce the capability of the health facilities in disasters by joining a helper registry, significant and considerate your manager’s disaster reply strategy, and actuality individually organized for disasters and emergency.

Quality of work life within the organization: depend of administrative recompense system, expansion of occupations and profession path, generating an organization to plan, consolidate, and preserve archives is authoritative and protects time and exertion in the long run, accountability for their individual specialized improvement.

References:

– John Boitnott. (2015) Tips for Calmly Handling an Angry Co-Worker Stay calm, and get the angry co-worker to do that too. Published: (July 5, 2015).

– Dugan & Associates (2018). Industry Injuries: Nurses and Nursing Assistants. Industry Injuries: Nurses and Nursing Assistants | Dugan www.dugan-associates.com/industry-injuries-nurses-and-nursing-assistants/ Published: (Oct 12, 2018).

– Matthew Jones. (2017)Ways For Leadership To Support Victims of Sexual Harassment in The Workplace Don’t be satisfied with a conversation–support and advocate for victims.(November 14,2017).