Home>Homework Answsers>Nursing homework help2 years ago28.08.202330Report issuefiles (3)rpl1.docxrpl2.docxPRESIDENTIALAGENDAS.docxrpl1.docxVanessa MusagaPopulation health topics that rise to the presidential agenda level often highlight critical public health concerns. One such issue is mental health, a topic influenced significantly by social determinants (Smith, 2023). For the purpose of this discussion, we will focus on mental health and examine how two recent U.S. presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, handled this issue.Social Determinant Affecting Mental Health:One of the most influential social determinants impacting mental health is socioeconomic status. Poverty, income inequality, and lack of access to education and job opportunities can lead to increased stress, limited access to mental health services, and higher prevalence of mental health disorders.Barack Obama’s Approach:During his presidency, Barack Obama took several steps to address mental health issues. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as Obamacare, expanded access to mental health services by mandating that insurance plans cover mental health treatment on par with physical health. This significantly reduced the financial barriers to mental health care, making it more accessible to a broader population. Additionally, Obama’s administration increased funding for mental health research and initiatives, reducing the stigma associated with mental health problems and promoting mental health awareness (Johnson & Brown, 2016).Donald Trump’s Approach:Donald Trump’s approach to mental health was less comprehensive than Obama’s. His administration did not make significant strides in expanding mental health coverage or addressing socioeconomic factors influencing mental health. Although there were efforts to combat the opioid crisis, which has a strong connection to mental health, overall mental health policies were not a primary focus of his presidency (Smith & White, 2019).What I Would Do Differently:To address the issue of mental health differently, I would propose a more holistic approach. This would involve:1.Addressing Social Determinants:Implement policies aimed at reducing income inequality, increasing access to quality education, and creating job opportunities. By improving socioeconomic conditions, we can reduce the stressors that contribute to mental health issues.2.Expanding Access to Mental Health Services:Continue the efforts initiated by the ACA to ensure that mental health services are easily accessible and affordable for all. This includes improving reimbursement rates for mental health providers to encourage more professionals to enter this field.3.Mental Health Education:Implement mental health education programs in schools and workplaces to reduce stigma and increase awareness. Encourage open conversations about mental health to foster a supportive environment.4.Investing in Research:Allocate resources to mental health research to better understand the causes of mental health disorders and develop more effective treatments and interventions (Brown & Johnson, 2022).In conclusion, addressing mental health issues on the presidential agenda should involve a multi-pronged approach that considers social determinants, access to care, education, and awareness. This approach aims to create a healthier population with improved mental well-being.References:Brown, A. B., & Johnson, C. D. (2022). Advancing mental health policies in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 112(3), 315-322.Johnson, C. D., & Brown, A. B. (2016). The impact of the Affordable Care Act on mental health care access. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1029-1035.Smith, J. K. (2023). Social determinants of mental health. Journal of Public Health, 45(2), 215-222.Smith, J. K., & White, L. M. (2019). Mental health policy in the Trump era: Challenges and opportunities. Health Policy and Planning, 34(8), 598-605.rpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:Most individuals are prescribed some form of medication, whether it is for heart problems, respiratory issues, or mental health. Many drugs are new on the market that give better results than older medications that have been out on the market, causing them to be expensive. The Congressional Budget Office states, “Over the 2009–2018 period, the average price of a prescription for a brand-name drug more than doubled in the Medicare Part D program and increased by 50 percent in Medicaid” (CBO, 2022). This places individuals in a bind in deciding what is essential, paying for their everyday necessities, or paying for a medication that can be lifesaving.One of the leading social determinants of prescription drug prices is the economic status of individuals. While some individuals have health insurance that requires a low co-pay for prescribed medications, the uninsured cannot afford health insurance or their medications. Although many individuals have a job, they cannot afford the insurance their companies offer and do not qualify for assistance programs such as Medicaid. A study done in Canada by Guo et al. showed that “adult and older adult Ontarians with lower household income or education had lower odds of reporting drug coverage” (Guo et al., 2020). Socioeconomic status does play an essential role in affording prescribed medications.When Barack Obama was president, he introduced the Affordable Care Act, which allowed individuals to obtain health insurance at an affordable price. During his time, he proposed that Medicare lower the profit percentage provided to doctors from 6% to 2.5%, leading doctors to prescribe lower-cost medications instead of high-cost medications. In Sullivan’s article, he stated, “The proposal had faced intense opposition from the powerful pharmaceutical lobby, but also from other areas, like doctor groups” (Sullivan, 2016). This caused the unsuccessful proposal, causing Obama not to proceed. During Trump’s presidential time, he also attempted to lower prescription drug prices by signing an executive order requiring pharmaceutical companies to reduce the cost of their medications. According to Waldrop & Rapfogel’s article, “Trump’s administration has repeatedly refused to support legislation that would enact these policies, such as H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act, which would use negotiation to bring down prices for drugs with the greatest savings potential” (Waldrop & Rapfogel, 2020). Trump signed several executive orders to lower prescription medication prices but was unsuccessful because his executive order had limitations set by federal laws.Pharmaceutical companies will not budge to lower the price of prescription medications. Individuals may need to be informed that there are options to access their medicines. One form is by ensuring they are aware of prescription assistance programs such as RxAssist. These prescription assistance programs “are set up by drug companies that offer free or low-cost drugs to uninsured individuals who cannot afford their medications” (RxAssist, 2023). Individuals have to meet criteria, one being uninsured, to be approved for the program. Keeping our patients updated on new information is crucial to their medication compliance. Often, providers are in a rush with patient visits and do not ask if patients can afford their medications. It is important to ask patients, in a polite and unbiased manner, about affording their medications. Patients will often not inform their providers of being unable to afford their medications due to fear of judgment, so providers should make it part of their routine questions to ask. If a patient has to have a high-cost drug, I would provide samples when possible or provide them with coupons that give patients a discount to obtain their medication directly from the pharmaceutical company. We expect our patients to comply with their medicines; therefore, we should be a part of the compliance by assisting whenever possible.References:Congressional Budget Office (2022). Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57772Guo, E., Sweetman, A., & Guindon, G. (2020). Socioeconomic differences in prescription drug supplemental coverage in Canada: A repeated cross-sectional study.Health Policy, 124(3), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.12.007RxAssist (2023). Patient Assistance Program Center. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.rxassist.org/faqsSullivan, P. (2016).Obama administration scraps controversial drug pricing proposal. The Hill. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/310681-obama-administration-scraps-controversial-drug-pricing-proposal/Waldrop, T. & Rapfogel, N. (2020).Too Little, Too Late: Trump’s Prescription Drug Executive Order Does Not Help Patients. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/little-late-trumps-prescription-drug-executive-order-not-help-patients/PRESIDENTIALAGENDAS.docxPRESIDENTIAL AGENDASRather than focus on the treatment of chronic disease, policies that influence population health tend to emphasize prevention and wellness; the reduction or elimination of waste and the eradication of health disparities based on race, ethnicity, language, income, gender, sexual orientation, disability and other factors. The reasoning is that good health belongs to the whole, not just an individual. (New York State Dept. of Health, n.d.)Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.Consider a topic (mental health, HIV, opioid epidemic, pandemics, obesity, prescription drug prices, or many others) that rises to the presidential level. How did the current and previous presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Reference:New York State Department of Health. (n.d.).Making New York the healthiest state: Achieving the triple aim. Retrieved June 21, 2021 fromhttps://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdfResources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)· Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)· Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities”· “Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)· DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014).The mechanics of writing a policy briefLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224.· Kingdon, J.W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting with applications.Law Review M.S.U.-D.C.LLinks to an external site.., 2(331)· Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015).Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordinationLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003.· O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017).Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitionersLinks to an external site..Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148.· Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.).Nursing health, & environmentLinks to an external site.:Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health.· USA.gov. (n.d.).A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agenciesLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a· USA.gov. (n.d.).Branches of the US governmentLinks to an external site.. https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government· The White House. (n.d.).The cabinetLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/·Document:Agenda Comparison Grid Template (Word document)To Prepare:· Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.· Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.Postyour response to the discussion question: Consider a population health topic that rises to the presidential agenda level. Which social determinant most affects this health issue? How did two recent presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Respondto at leasttwoof your colleagues* on two different daysby expanding on their response and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.PRESIDENTIALAGENDAS.docxPRESIDENTIAL AGENDASRather than focus on the treatment of chronic disease, policies that influence population health tend to emphasize prevention and wellness; the reduction or elimination of waste and the eradication of health disparities based on race, ethnicity, language, income, gender, sexual orientation, disability and other factors. The reasoning is that good health belongs to the whole, not just an individual. (New York State Dept. of Health, n.d.)Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.Consider a topic (mental health, HIV, opioid epidemic, pandemics, obesity, prescription drug prices, or many others) that rises to the presidential level. How did the current and previous presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Reference:New York State Department of Health. (n.d.).Making New York the healthiest state: Achieving the triple aim. Retrieved June 21, 2021 fromhttps://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdfResources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)· Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)· Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities”· “Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)· DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014).The mechanics of writing a policy briefLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224.· Kingdon, J.W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting with applications.Law Review M.S.U.-D.C.LLinks to an external site.., 2(331)· Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015).Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordinationLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003.· O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017).Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitionersLinks to an external site..Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148.· Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.).Nursing health, & environmentLinks to an external site.:Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health.· USA.gov. (n.d.).A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agenciesLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a· USA.gov. (n.d.).Branches of the US governmentLinks to an external site.. https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government· The White House. (n.d.).The cabinetLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/·Document:Agenda Comparison Grid Template (Word document)To Prepare:· Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.· Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.Postyour response to the discussion question: Consider a population health topic that rises to the presidential agenda level. Which social determinant most affects this health issue? How did two recent presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Respondto at leasttwoof your colleagues* on two different daysby expanding on their response and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.rpl1.docxVanessa MusagaPopulation health topics that rise to the presidential agenda level often highlight critical public health concerns. One such issue is mental health, a topic influenced significantly by social determinants (Smith, 2023). For the purpose of this discussion, we will focus on mental health and examine how two recent U.S. presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, handled this issue.Social Determinant Affecting Mental Health:One of the most influential social determinants impacting mental health is socioeconomic status. Poverty, income inequality, and lack of access to education and job opportunities can lead to increased stress, limited access to mental health services, and higher prevalence of mental health disorders.Barack Obama’s Approach:During his presidency, Barack Obama took several steps to address mental health issues. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as Obamacare, expanded access to mental health services by mandating that insurance plans cover mental health treatment on par with physical health. This significantly reduced the financial barriers to mental health care, making it more accessible to a broader population. Additionally, Obama’s administration increased funding for mental health research and initiatives, reducing the stigma associated with mental health problems and promoting mental health awareness (Johnson & Brown, 2016).Donald Trump’s Approach:Donald Trump’s approach to mental health was less comprehensive than Obama’s. His administration did not make significant strides in expanding mental health coverage or addressing socioeconomic factors influencing mental health. Although there were efforts to combat the opioid crisis, which has a strong connection to mental health, overall mental health policies were not a primary focus of his presidency (Smith & White, 2019).What I Would Do Differently:To address the issue of mental health differently, I would propose a more holistic approach. This would involve:1.Addressing Social Determinants:Implement policies aimed at reducing income inequality, increasing access to quality education, and creating job opportunities. By improving socioeconomic conditions, we can reduce the stressors that contribute to mental health issues.2.Expanding Access to Mental Health Services:Continue the efforts initiated by the ACA to ensure that mental health services are easily accessible and affordable for all. This includes improving reimbursement rates for mental health providers to encourage more professionals to enter this field.3.Mental Health Education:Implement mental health education programs in schools and workplaces to reduce stigma and increase awareness. Encourage open conversations about mental health to foster a supportive environment.4.Investing in Research:Allocate resources to mental health research to better understand the causes of mental health disorders and develop more effective treatments and interventions (Brown & Johnson, 2022).In conclusion, addressing mental health issues on the presidential agenda should involve a multi-pronged approach that considers social determinants, access to care, education, and awareness. This approach aims to create a healthier population with improved mental well-being.References:Brown, A. B., & Johnson, C. D. (2022). Advancing mental health policies in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 112(3), 315-322.Johnson, C. D., & Brown, A. B. (2016). The impact of the Affordable Care Act on mental health care access. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1029-1035.Smith, J. K. (2023). Social determinants of mental health. Journal of Public Health, 45(2), 215-222.Smith, J. K., & White, L. M. (2019). Mental health policy in the Trump era: Challenges and opportunities. Health Policy and Planning, 34(8), 598-605.rpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:Most individuals are prescribed some form of medication, whether it is for heart problems, respiratory issues, or mental health. Many drugs are new on the market that give better results than older medications that have been out on the market, causing them to be expensive. The Congressional Budget Office states, “Over the 2009–2018 period, the average price of a prescription for a brand-name drug more than doubled in the Medicare Part D program and increased by 50 percent in Medicaid” (CBO, 2022). This places individuals in a bind in deciding what is essential, paying for their everyday necessities, or paying for a medication that can be lifesaving.One of the leading social determinants of prescription drug prices is the economic status of individuals. While some individuals have health insurance that requires a low co-pay for prescribed medications, the uninsured cannot afford health insurance or their medications. Although many individuals have a job, they cannot afford the insurance their companies offer and do not qualify for assistance programs such as Medicaid. A study done in Canada by Guo et al. showed that “adult and older adult Ontarians with lower household income or education had lower odds of reporting drug coverage” (Guo et al., 2020). Socioeconomic status does play an essential role in affording prescribed medications.When Barack Obama was president, he introduced the Affordable Care Act, which allowed individuals to obtain health insurance at an affordable price. During his time, he proposed that Medicare lower the profit percentage provided to doctors from 6% to 2.5%, leading doctors to prescribe lower-cost medications instead of high-cost medications. In Sullivan’s article, he stated, “The proposal had faced intense opposition from the powerful pharmaceutical lobby, but also from other areas, like doctor groups” (Sullivan, 2016). This caused the unsuccessful proposal, causing Obama not to proceed. During Trump’s presidential time, he also attempted to lower prescription drug prices by signing an executive order requiring pharmaceutical companies to reduce the cost of their medications. According to Waldrop & Rapfogel’s article, “Trump’s administration has repeatedly refused to support legislation that would enact these policies, such as H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act, which would use negotiation to bring down prices for drugs with the greatest savings potential” (Waldrop & Rapfogel, 2020). Trump signed several executive orders to lower prescription medication prices but was unsuccessful because his executive order had limitations set by federal laws.Pharmaceutical companies will not budge to lower the price of prescription medications. Individuals may need to be informed that there are options to access their medicines. One form is by ensuring they are aware of prescription assistance programs such as RxAssist. These prescription assistance programs “are set up by drug companies that offer free or low-cost drugs to uninsured individuals who cannot afford their medications” (RxAssist, 2023). Individuals have to meet criteria, one being uninsured, to be approved for the program. Keeping our patients updated on new information is crucial to their medication compliance. Often, providers are in a rush with patient visits and do not ask if patients can afford their medications. It is important to ask patients, in a polite and unbiased manner, about affording their medications. Patients will often not inform their providers of being unable to afford their medications due to fear of judgment, so providers should make it part of their routine questions to ask. If a patient has to have a high-cost drug, I would provide samples when possible or provide them with coupons that give patients a discount to obtain their medication directly from the pharmaceutical company. We expect our patients to comply with their medicines; therefore, we should be a part of the compliance by assisting whenever possible.References:Congressional Budget Office (2022). Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57772Guo, E., Sweetman, A., & Guindon, G. (2020). Socioeconomic differences in prescription drug supplemental coverage in Canada: A repeated cross-sectional study.Health Policy, 124(3), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.12.007RxAssist (2023). Patient Assistance Program Center. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.rxassist.org/faqsSullivan, P. (2016).Obama administration scraps controversial drug pricing proposal. The Hill. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/310681-obama-administration-scraps-controversial-drug-pricing-proposal/Waldrop, T. & Rapfogel, N. (2020).Too Little, Too Late: Trump’s Prescription Drug Executive Order Does Not Help Patients. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/little-late-trumps-prescription-drug-executive-order-not-help-patients/PRESIDENTIALAGENDAS.docxPRESIDENTIAL AGENDASRather than focus on the treatment of chronic disease, policies that influence population health tend to emphasize prevention and wellness; the reduction or elimination of waste and the eradication of health disparities based on race, ethnicity, language, income, gender, sexual orientation, disability and other factors. The reasoning is that good health belongs to the whole, not just an individual. (New York State Dept. of Health, n.d.)Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.Consider a topic (mental health, HIV, opioid epidemic, pandemics, obesity, prescription drug prices, or many others) that rises to the presidential level. How did the current and previous presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Reference:New York State Department of Health. (n.d.).Making New York the healthiest state: Achieving the triple aim. Retrieved June 21, 2021 fromhttps://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdfResources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)· Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)· Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities”· “Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)· DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014).The mechanics of writing a policy briefLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224.· Kingdon, J.W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting with applications.Law Review M.S.U.-D.C.LLinks to an external site.., 2(331)· Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015).Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordinationLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003.· O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017).Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitionersLinks to an external site..Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148.· Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.).Nursing health, & environmentLinks to an external site.:Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health.· USA.gov. (n.d.).A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agenciesLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a· USA.gov. (n.d.).Branches of the US governmentLinks to an external site.. https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government· The White House. (n.d.).The cabinetLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/·Document:Agenda Comparison Grid Template (Word document)To Prepare:· Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.· Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.Postyour response to the discussion question: Consider a population health topic that rises to the presidential agenda level. Which social determinant most affects this health issue? How did two recent presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Respondto at leasttwoof your colleagues* on two different daysby expanding on their response and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.rpl1.docxVanessa MusagaPopulation health topics that rise to the presidential agenda level often highlight critical public health concerns. One such issue is mental health, a topic influenced significantly by social determinants (Smith, 2023). For the purpose of this discussion, we will focus on mental health and examine how two recent U.S. presidents, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, handled this issue.Social Determinant Affecting Mental Health:One of the most influential social determinants impacting mental health is socioeconomic status. Poverty, income inequality, and lack of access to education and job opportunities can lead to increased stress, limited access to mental health services, and higher prevalence of mental health disorders.Barack Obama’s Approach:During his presidency, Barack Obama took several steps to address mental health issues. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as Obamacare, expanded access to mental health services by mandating that insurance plans cover mental health treatment on par with physical health. This significantly reduced the financial barriers to mental health care, making it more accessible to a broader population. Additionally, Obama’s administration increased funding for mental health research and initiatives, reducing the stigma associated with mental health problems and promoting mental health awareness (Johnson & Brown, 2016).Donald Trump’s Approach:Donald Trump’s approach to mental health was less comprehensive than Obama’s. His administration did not make significant strides in expanding mental health coverage or addressing socioeconomic factors influencing mental health. Although there were efforts to combat the opioid crisis, which has a strong connection to mental health, overall mental health policies were not a primary focus of his presidency (Smith & White, 2019).What I Would Do Differently:To address the issue of mental health differently, I would propose a more holistic approach. This would involve:1.Addressing Social Determinants:Implement policies aimed at reducing income inequality, increasing access to quality education, and creating job opportunities. By improving socioeconomic conditions, we can reduce the stressors that contribute to mental health issues.2.Expanding Access to Mental Health Services:Continue the efforts initiated by the ACA to ensure that mental health services are easily accessible and affordable for all. This includes improving reimbursement rates for mental health providers to encourage more professionals to enter this field.3.Mental Health Education:Implement mental health education programs in schools and workplaces to reduce stigma and increase awareness. Encourage open conversations about mental health to foster a supportive environment.4.Investing in Research:Allocate resources to mental health research to better understand the causes of mental health disorders and develop more effective treatments and interventions (Brown & Johnson, 2022).In conclusion, addressing mental health issues on the presidential agenda should involve a multi-pronged approach that considers social determinants, access to care, education, and awareness. This approach aims to create a healthier population with improved mental well-being.References:Brown, A. B., & Johnson, C. D. (2022). Advancing mental health policies in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 112(3), 315-322.Johnson, C. D., & Brown, A. B. (2016). The impact of the Affordable Care Act on mental health care access. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1029-1035.Smith, J. K. (2023). Social determinants of mental health. Journal of Public Health, 45(2), 215-222.Smith, J. K., & White, L. M. (2019). Mental health policy in the Trump era: Challenges and opportunities. Health Policy and Planning, 34(8), 598-605.rpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:Most individuals are prescribed some form of medication, whether it is for heart problems, respiratory issues, or mental health. Many drugs are new on the market that give better results than older medications that have been out on the market, causing them to be expensive. The Congressional Budget Office states, “Over the 2009–2018 period, the average price of a prescription for a brand-name drug more than doubled in the Medicare Part D program and increased by 50 percent in Medicaid” (CBO, 2022). This places individuals in a bind in deciding what is essential, paying for their everyday necessities, or paying for a medication that can be lifesaving.One of the leading social determinants of prescription drug prices is the economic status of individuals. While some individuals have health insurance that requires a low co-pay for prescribed medications, the uninsured cannot afford health insurance or their medications. Although many individuals have a job, they cannot afford the insurance their companies offer and do not qualify for assistance programs such as Medicaid. A study done in Canada by Guo et al. showed that “adult and older adult Ontarians with lower household income or education had lower odds of reporting drug coverage” (Guo et al., 2020). Socioeconomic status does play an essential role in affording prescribed medications.When Barack Obama was president, he introduced the Affordable Care Act, which allowed individuals to obtain health insurance at an affordable price. During his time, he proposed that Medicare lower the profit percentage provided to doctors from 6% to 2.5%, leading doctors to prescribe lower-cost medications instead of high-cost medications. In Sullivan’s article, he stated, “The proposal had faced intense opposition from the powerful pharmaceutical lobby, but also from other areas, like doctor groups” (Sullivan, 2016). This caused the unsuccessful proposal, causing Obama not to proceed. During Trump’s presidential time, he also attempted to lower prescription drug prices by signing an executive order requiring pharmaceutical companies to reduce the cost of their medications. According to Waldrop & Rapfogel’s article, “Trump’s administration has repeatedly refused to support legislation that would enact these policies, such as H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act, which would use negotiation to bring down prices for drugs with the greatest savings potential” (Waldrop & Rapfogel, 2020). Trump signed several executive orders to lower prescription medication prices but was unsuccessful because his executive order had limitations set by federal laws.Pharmaceutical companies will not budge to lower the price of prescription medications. Individuals may need to be informed that there are options to access their medicines. One form is by ensuring they are aware of prescription assistance programs such as RxAssist. These prescription assistance programs “are set up by drug companies that offer free or low-cost drugs to uninsured individuals who cannot afford their medications” (RxAssist, 2023). Individuals have to meet criteria, one being uninsured, to be approved for the program. Keeping our patients updated on new information is crucial to their medication compliance. Often, providers are in a rush with patient visits and do not ask if patients can afford their medications. It is important to ask patients, in a polite and unbiased manner, about affording their medications. Patients will often not inform their providers of being unable to afford their medications due to fear of judgment, so providers should make it part of their routine questions to ask. If a patient has to have a high-cost drug, I would provide samples when possible or provide them with coupons that give patients a discount to obtain their medication directly from the pharmaceutical company. We expect our patients to comply with their medicines; therefore, we should be a part of the compliance by assisting whenever possible.References:Congressional Budget Office (2022). Prescription Drugs: Spending, Use, and Prices. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57772Guo, E., Sweetman, A., & Guindon, G. (2020). Socioeconomic differences in prescription drug supplemental coverage in Canada: A repeated cross-sectional study.Health Policy, 124(3), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.12.007RxAssist (2023). Patient Assistance Program Center. Retrieved on August 28, 2023 from https://www.rxassist.org/faqsSullivan, P. (2016).Obama administration scraps controversial drug pricing proposal. The Hill. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/310681-obama-administration-scraps-controversial-drug-pricing-proposal/Waldrop, T. & Rapfogel, N. (2020).Too Little, Too Late: Trump’s Prescription Drug Executive Order Does Not Help Patients. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved August 28, 2023 from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/little-late-trumps-prescription-drug-executive-order-not-help-patients/PRESIDENTIALAGENDAS.docxPRESIDENTIAL AGENDASRather than focus on the treatment of chronic disease, policies that influence population health tend to emphasize prevention and wellness; the reduction or elimination of waste and the eradication of health disparities based on race, ethnicity, language, income, gender, sexual orientation, disability and other factors. The reasoning is that good health belongs to the whole, not just an individual. (New York State Dept. of Health, n.d.)Regardless of political affiliation, every citizen has a stake in healthcare policy decisions. Hence, it is little wonder why healthcare items become such high-profile components of presidential agendas. It is also little wonder why they become such hotly debated agenda items.Consider a topic (mental health, HIV, opioid epidemic, pandemics, obesity, prescription drug prices, or many others) that rises to the presidential level. How did the current and previous presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Reference:New York State Department of Health. (n.d.).Making New York the healthiest state: Achieving the triple aim. Retrieved June 21, 2021 fromhttps://www.health.ny.gov/events/population_health_summit/docs/what_is_population_health.pdfResources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 1, “Informing Public Policy: An Important Role for Registered Nurses” (pp. 11–13 only)· Chapter 2, “Agenda Setting: What Rises to a Policymaker’s Attention?” (pp. 17–36)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 171–180)· Chapter 12, “An Insider’s Guide to Engaging in Policy Activities”· “Creating a Fact Sheet” (pp. 217-221)· DeMarco, R., & Tufts, K. A. (2014).The mechanics of writing a policy briefLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 62(3), 219–224.· Kingdon, J.W. (2001). A model of agenda-setting with applications.Law Review M.S.U.-D.C.LLinks to an external site.., 2(331)· Lamb, G., Newhouse, R., Beverly, C., Toney, D. A., Cropley, S., Weaver, C. A., Kurtzman, E., … Peterson, C. (2015).Policy agenda for nurse-led care coordinationLinks to an external site..Nursing Outlook, 63(4), 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.06.003.· O’Rourke, N. C., Crawford, S. L., Morris, N. S., & Pulcini, J. (2017).Political efficacy and participation of nurse practitionersLinks to an external site..Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 18(3), 135–148.· Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Enhancing Environmental Health Content in Nursing Practice, Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (Eds.). (n.d.).Nursing health, & environmentLinks to an external site.:Strengthening the relationship to improve the public’s health.· USA.gov. (n.d.).A-Z index of U.S. government departments and agenciesLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/a· USA.gov. (n.d.).Branches of the US governmentLinks to an external site.. https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government· The White House. (n.d.).The cabinetLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-trump-administration/the-cabinet/·Document:Agenda Comparison Grid Template (Word document)To Prepare:· Review the Resources and reflect on the importance of agenda setting.· Consider how federal agendas promote healthcare issues and how these healthcare issues become agenda priorities.Postyour response to the discussion question: Consider a population health topic that rises to the presidential agenda level. Which social determinant most affects this health issue? How did two recent presidents handle the problem? What would you do differently?Respondto at leasttwoof your colleagues* on two different daysby expanding on their response and providing an example that supports their explanation or respectfully challenging their explanation and providing an example.123Bids(66)Dr. Ellen RMEmily Clareabdul_rehman_STELLAR GEEK A+Prof Double RYoung NyanyaJane the tutorProWritingGuruJahky BDr. Adeline ZoeSheryl HoganDr M. MichelleAshley EllieWIZARD_KIMIsabella HarvardBrainy BrianQuality AssignmentsPROF_ALISTERElprofessoriDr AngelenaShow All Bidsother Questions(10)evaluate the novel, ¡Yo!, on a structural or thematic level.Application: Solicitation StrategiesHRM 595 Week 4 Individual Assignment Proposal Plan, Part IIISelection and Description of OrganizationWEEK 5 MATH QUIZI Want Farming Autobot for a mobile gameforces for changeGlobal warming EssayMarket StructureStories and writings on Men
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