I NEED A RESPONSE TO THIS ASSIGNMENT

2 REFERENCES

ZERO PLAGIARISM

Group psychotherapy is a psychotherapeutic treatment modality in which a group of people with the same or similar psychological and/or psychiatric disorder are composed and come together in a group, with the guidance of a professional therapist, to help one another to effect behavioral and/or personality change. “It is a modality that employs a professionally trained leader who selects, composes, organizes, and leads a collection of members to work together toward the maximal attainment of the goals for each individual in the group and for the group itself.” In group psychotherapy, certain group properties such as mutual support can be used to help provide relief from psychological and/or psychiatric disorders/problems and also afford support to group members with feelings of isolation and desperation. 

Group therapy with older adults can be a challenging moments owing to the fact that aging can be a moment or stage in the development of humans which is marked by a decline in not just the physical well-being, but it is also characterized by multiple social, emotional and psychological impairments. “This focus on extraordinary losses and the potential for diminished functional capacity may be a major hurdle in confronting our own biases and countertransference reactions as group psychotherapists working with older adults.” Despite the various types psychotherapeutic approaches in group psychotherapy, certain core principles as well as assumptions remain peculiar to it and these core principles and assumptions must be respected for a therapeutic progress to be made. 

Group Description.

The psychotherapy group is made of 4 participants who started psychotherapy group with a duration of 10 weeks. Group members met once a week with each session lasting for about 45 minutes. Group members had diagnosis with a DSM-5 criteria ranging from Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, major depression. Age ranges between 60 to 70 years old. two of the group members had attended a group psychotherapy before while the rest were all new to group psychotherapy. Yalom, notes “Although the frequency of meetings varies from one to five times a week, the overwhelming majority of groups meet once weekly.” the group was a closed group because once it’s creation was done, no new membership was allowed.

Stage of group.

This psychotherapy group was at the norming  stage because group members had become more aligned with the group, and can work together toward the realization of the group goals common to all members and to the group in general. Wheeler, K. (2014) note “Group members become more aligned as a whole, and identify and work to a common goal.” Members at this stage of group existence have developed a sense of trust for each other and among group members. At this stage, members were contributing ideas and helping one another with their problems. They shared ideas on their individual problems and how they manage to solve their own problems. At this stage of the group, some members may form cliques and so exclude some other members of the group. The psychotherapist must be vigilant at this time to discourage the formation of such subgroups for the interest of the group.

Challenges or Issues of the group.

When people come together in a group, there is bound to be some form of challenges or problems within the group. Some of the challenges faced by psychotherapy group include the perceived goal incompatibility. The fact that different people with various psychological problems entails a different set of goals which may nit be compatible with the goals of the rest of the group members. “One important source of perplexity and discouragement for clients early in therapy is perceived goal incompatibility.” Yalom, D.I (2005). In such situation, group members may may not align the group goals with their individual goals. Some other challenges in group therapy may include lack of immediate comfort. “Clients may be frustrated by not getting enough air time in the first few minutes.” Yalom, D.I (2005). Subgrouping and extragroup socializing is another challenge that may be experienced at any stage of a group psychotherapy. The psychotherapist has the responsibility in such situations to acknowledge the differences that might exist within the group, encourage members to focus on the group goals as well as model group activity towards creative problem-solving approach. 

Therapeutic approach employed in the group.

Psychotherapeutic approaches used included cognitive behavior group therapy, in which group members had the opportunity to verbalize feelings, contribute to the problem-solving and group cohesiveness. The psychotherapist also help and guide group members through psychoeducation so group members can understand the effect of maladaptive thinking or thought process on individual behaviors. knowledge sharing among group members was also used to help group members achieve group goals. 

Recommendations.

In group psychotherapy, the therapist must identify factors that could impact group members contributions, affect group cohesiveness and attainment of group goals. Giving members the opportunity for a structured socialization helps to instill onto members the sense of positive fortification. Keeping group sessions short and brief will help group members stay focused as well as able to retain what is learned in the group.

References.

Bonhote, K., Romano-Egan, J., & Cornwell, C. (1999). Altruism and creative expressions in a long-term older adult psychotherapy group. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20(6), 603-617. Retrieved from 

https://doi-org10.1080/016128499248394

Sadock, J. B., Sadock, V.A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. 

             (11th ed.). Phialdelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Wheeler, K. (2014). Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse. A How-to Guide for Evidence-based Practice.

             (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Yalom, I.D. (2005). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy.

              (5th ed.). New York, NY: Perseus Books Group.

 The two theories that i have selected are :  Roy Adaption Model of Nursing and Interpersonal relations in Nursing 

 This week, reflect up your personal nursing philosophy as it has evolved over the course of your RN-BSN program at WCU. Identify specific theorists you feel you most identify with. How does your personal nursing philosophy, and the work you completed in your program support evidence of meeting the following?

Essential IX: Baccalaureate Generalist Nursing Practice

· Outcome #18: Develop an awareness of patients as well as healthcare professionals’ spiritual beliefs and values and how those beliefs and values impact health care.

Review your past academic work, evaluate your effectiveness at meeting this program essential, and ponder the impact that this proficiency will have on your future.

Identify how you met the essential by referring to the assignment(s) specifically in your response. Additionally, reflect upon and make connections between your academic experience and real-world applications. 

Recommended: Refer back to work you completed for NURS 500 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice and LDR 432 Principles of Leadership for Healthcare Organizations, as well as other courses to gather academic examples and evidence of having met this essential.

Your reflection should be 1-1 1/2 page and in APA Style. Include at least 1 Reference 

Theories and Conceptual Models in Nursing and Advanced Nursing Practice

Introduction

Theories in nursing provide an organized body of knowledge that defines the nursing practices, what the nurses are supposed to do in every situation, and why they need to do it.  The theories act as the framework of fundamental concepts and provide a purpose to guide the nursing practice at more concrete or specific stages. Butts (2013) and Fawcett et al. (2018) stated that the major categories of theories that guide the nursing and advanced nursing practices include grand theory, middle-range theory and practice level theory, need-based theories, interaction theories, outcome theories, descriptive theories, factor-isolating theory, explanatory theory, and prescriptive theories.  The nursing theorist explained that the theories describe the connection between the patient, environment, health and nursing goals, role, and functions.  Additionally, the conceptual model defines the nursing ideas, statement, and concepts; organize a framework for nursing practices, direct clinical practice, clinical and professional leadership, consultation, ethical decision making and collaboration, quality improvements especially DNP and APN programs and research.

Evaluation of theories and Conceptual Models

Nursing Theories

Grand nursing theory addresses and focuses on the nursing met paradigm components such as the patient (person), nursing, health, and environment (Smith & Parker, 2015). However, the theory does not guide specific nursing care interventions rather it focuses on providing a general framework and ideals in nursing. Butts (2013) mentioned that grand theories provide an abstract, wider scope and complex demand for more intense research for clarification in the nursing environment and advance nursing practices. Additionally, middle-range theories address a specific phenomenon in nursing (Brandão et al., 2017).  However, the middle range nursing theories have a limited scope compared to the grand theories while they present nursing and advance nursing concepts and propositions at lower levels.

Finally, the practice level nursing theories provide a narrow scope and focus on a specific patient population within a framed set time. Butts (2013) explained that the practice level nursing theories are effective in providing a framework of nursing interventions and practices as well as provide a suggestion of the outcomes or the effects of the nursing practices. Based on this perspective, the practice-level nursing theories have more direct effects on the nursing practices as well as in advanced nursing practices, shaping the nursing interventions, their impact, and potential outcomes.

Conceptual Nursing Models

The conceptual models in nursing identify various components, their interactions, and patterns in nursing and in advance nursing practices. The conceptual nursing models include Consensus Model for advanced Practices Registered nurse regulations, Hamric’s Integrative model, Calkin’s model, Brown’s Framework, and Shuler’s models of nurse practitioner practice among other models (Spross & Lawson, 2009; Fawcett, 2016; Fawcett et al., 2018). Each model focuses on a specific section and complements the focus of other models to contribute to nursing practices as well as advanced nursing practice. However, no model offers a comprehensive approach to nursing practices or advanced nursing practices. Nevertheless, an integrated approach and multi-application of various models contribute to an expected outcome.

 Regardless of the classification of the nursing theory and the conceptual models, each theory and model, compliment the other since no single theory or model can fit all the nursing care, intervention, and suggest outcomes. However, the combination of different theories from the abstraction (grand, middle-range, practice-led theories) to goal orientation (descriptive, factor-isolating, explanatory, prescriptive) to need-based, interaction theories complement each other to shape, define and direct the nursing practices as well as advanced nursing practices to achieve the patients’ outcome.

Conclusion

The nursing theories and conceptual models provide the foundation of nursing and advanced nursing today.  The nursing theories and models provide a guiding framework for the development of knowledge, direct education, research processes, and practices. Further, the conceptual models are an abstraction of reality, provide a visualization of the reality to simplify the thinking processes, give direction for search regarding various phenomena of central interest in nursing as well as suggest potential solutions. Thus, the nursing theories and models help in the recognition of what sets the foundation of the current nursing practices, providing a definition of purpose and role in the healthcare environment. Besides, the nursing and conceptual models provide a rationale for interventions and enhance the development of knowledge.  

References

Brandão, M. A. G., Martins, J. S. A., Peixoto, M. D. A. P., Lopes, R. O. P., & Primo, C. C.

       (2017). Theoretical and methodological reflections for the construction of middle-range nursing theories. Texto Contexto Enferm, 26(4), e1420017.

Butts, J. B. (2013). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett

          Publishers.

Fawcett, J. (2016). Applying conceptual models of nursing: quality improvement, research, and

          practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Fawcett, J., Amweg, L. N., Legor, K., Kim, B. R., & Maghrabi, S. (2018). More thoughts about

           conceptual models and literature reviews: Focus on population health. Nursing science          quarterly, 31(4), 384-389.

Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.

Spross, J. A., & Lawson, M. T. (2009). Conceptualizations of advanced practice nursing.

             Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach, 33-74.

Answer each question,,, APA Style,,,at ,least three references and citations

 1-Do you think it is important for nurses to be involved in their professional organizations? Why or why not?

2. The Affordable Care Act (“ObamaCare”) has been both praised and vilified. Debate the pros and cons of this legislation and of health-care reform in general. 

3. What is your vision of nursing’s future? How will you contribute to shaping it? 

4. Interview a nurse educated in a diploma program at least 20 years ago.

a-How did that nurse’s education differ from your education today? 

5. Locate the website of a professional organization related to nursing. Bring a copy of the organization’s mission, membership criteria, and standards of practice. 

6. Ask five people of different ages and gender who do not work in the health-care field what they think most nurses do. Compile their answers with the answers your classmates collected and summarize them. Compare the summary to what you know nurses actually do.

a-Were the answers realistic? 

b-Did they over- or underestimate the responsibilities most nurses have?

c-Did they recognize the wide variety of things nurses do?

d-Was there a difference by age or gender of the person answering the question?

e-What do the results tell you about the public’s image of nursing? 

f-What do you think influences their image the most? Explain your answer.

7. Describe the nurse of the future.

a-What does he or she do?

b-Do you think nursing will become a more powerful force in health care?

c-Why or why not? 

1. you are educating your peers through this presentation regarding a federal bill you believe may be of interest to nurses.
2. Go to https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/subjects/health/6130 (Links to an external site.)
3. Choose a health-related federal bill of interest. Read through the bill and develop a summary in your own words. Include the bill number and name.
4. Here is a link to our U.S. legislative process (bill to law) for review, if needed: https://www.congress.gov/legislative-process

• Bill name and number (indicate either H.B. or S.B.)
• Bill summary (in your own words)
• Address how this bill might impact professional nursing practice standards if passed? If not passed?
• How might the bill impact your own nursing practice?
• How might you communicate your concerns about or support for this bill based on nursing practice, standards, or patient outcomes?
• How might this bill impact your community?
• References slide to include the Bill source in APA format.
• No more than 12 slides