Home>Homework Answsers>Nursing homework helppolicy2 years ago09.10.202325Report issuefiles (3)rpl2.docxrpl1.docxdiscwk7.docxrpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:H.R. 977- Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023.Description:When a patient has health insurance, depending on which premium, they are made to use providers or hospitals that are “in-network” to avoid higher costs of services. This can often be an issue for patients because some providers are not in network with their health insurance, specifically Medicare recipients. The Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act would “repeal changes made by health care reform laws to the Medicare exception to the prohibition on certain physician referrals for hospitals” (Congress.gov, 2023).Background:According to the American Hospital Association, “For decades, the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act (“Stark Law”) has protected the Medicare program from the inherent conflict of interest created when physicians self-refer their patients to facilities and services in which they have a financial stake” (AHA, n.d.). At one point, physicians were allowed to make referrals to hospitals with ownership within the entire facility; this gap was closed in 2010 when the Affordable Care Act was passed.Social Determinant:One social determinant is access to health care and quality care. Patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status, should receive high-quality care. The American Hospital Association states, “The Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and MedPAC all found that physician-owned hospitals’ patients tend to be healthier than patients with the same diagnoses at general hospitals” (AHA, n.d.). This would lead those with serious illnesses to rely on general hospitals for healthcare services.Evidence:The growth of Physician-owned hospitals was prohibited in 2010 after the passing of the Affordable Care Act. According to Ehrenfeld, “a systematic review of 30 years of research demonstrating that physician-owned specialty hospitals or so-called “focused factories” offer higher-quality care at comparable or lower cost, while physician-owned community hospitals are no worse than their counterparts” (Ehrenfeld, 2023). If H.R. 977 is passed into law, it would allow physicians of physician-owned hospitals to extend their services to the community by opening new hospitals that would provide high-quality, efficient care and be affordable to patients. This would place competition against general hospitals at risk of losing market share, leading them to reform their services to stay in competition. This would benefit patients in being able to seek assistance in a variety of hospital or hospital-owned facilities.References:American Hospital Association. (n.d.). Fact sheet: Physician self-referral to physician-owned hospitals. https://www.aha.org/fact-sheets/2023-02-27-fact-sheet-physician-self-referral-physician-owned-hospitalsCongress.gov. (n.d.). H.R.977 – 118th Congress (2023-2024): Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/977?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+977%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1Ehrenfeld, J. M. (2023, August 10). End restrictions on physician-owned hospitals to expand Quality Care. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/end-restrictions-physician-owned-hospitals-expand-quality-carerpl1.docxLeyanis SanchezEvidence Base in DesignThe recently adopted Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement is among very important health policies. It has been established to guarantee insurance coverage of mental health and use disorders (SUDs) SUD services by their provision for medical/sBackground for the ProblemMillions of people worldwide suffer from mental health and substance use disorders. The challenge these disorders pose lies in their stigmatized histories, leading to limited access to proper care. This legislation was first effected in 2008 to rectify this disparity by ensuring that insurance plans provide equivalent coverage for mental health and substance SUDs as they provide for physical health (Congress.gov, n.d.). Nevertheless, there has been inconsistency in respect to its enforcement and implementation.Social DeterminantsThe biggest social determinant of this policy is the stigma associated with mental health and substance abuse issues (Milstead & Short, 2019). The stigma may deter people from seeking care while affecting the allocations of resources and funds devoted to mental healthcare. Furthermore, economic conditions such as income and education can affect an individual’s ability to obtain good mental health and SUD treatment.Evidence BaseNumerous studies underpin the necessity for and impact of enforcement of the MHPAEA. Untreated mental health and SUDs can have tremendously adverse effects on individuals and societies; this includes high costs of medical care, decreased productivity, and increased imprisonment and homelessness. Peterson and Busch (2018) indicate that fair access to mental health and SUD services improves patient’s ability to manage their conditions, reduces the number of hospitalizations, and enhances the quality of life and others. A study conducted by JAMA Psychiatry in 2016 indicated that patients suffering from depression who received appropriate psycho-mental care needed less medical care than those without such treatments.Additionally, the pandemic of COVID-19 emphasized mental services, where anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders were increasingly prevalent among individuals during the pandemic. This is even more evident as greater emphasis has been on fair access to such services. These disparities must be redressed through enforcement of the MHPAEA to ensure that people with mental health and SUD are provided. Nonetheless, enforcement consistency and continuous compliance monitoring by insurance plans present challenges and interventions being taken forward to enforce the enforcement mechanisms.In summary, under “Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement,” this policy ensures equitable MH and SUDS treatment coverage. Stigma is the main social determinant affecting this policy. It is supported by evidence that equal access to the service is important in improving health and reducing the cost of society. Consistent enforcement and ongoing efforts to eliminate stigma are vital for this policy to succeed.ReferencesCongress.gov (n.d.). Legislative search results | congress.gov | library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/search?q=%257b%2522source%2522:%2522legislation%2522,%2522search%2522:%2522cite:PL111-296%2522%257dMilstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.Peterson, E., & Busch, S. (2018). Achieving Mental Health and substance use disorder treatment parity: A quarter century of policy-making and research.Annual Review of Public Health,39(1), 421–435.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013603Links to an external site.discwk7.docxThis discussion is divided in two parts1. Main discussion post1. Two repliesminimum of three (3) scholarly references are requiredEVIDENCE BASE IN DESIGNWhen politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.Resources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)· Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)· Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)· American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.).AdvocacyLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.).Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementationLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf·Congress.govLinks to an external site.. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/· Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996).The challenge of innovation implementationLinks to an external site..Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080.· Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015).No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patientLinks to an external site..Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.· Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014).Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretionLinks to an external site..Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547.To Prepare:· Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.· Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.Posta description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Which social determinant most affects this policy? Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.discwk7.docxThis discussion is divided in two parts1. Main discussion post1. Two repliesminimum of three (3) scholarly references are requiredEVIDENCE BASE IN DESIGNWhen politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.Resources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)· Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)· Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)· American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.).AdvocacyLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.).Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementationLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf·Congress.govLinks to an external site.. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/· Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996).The challenge of innovation implementationLinks to an external site..Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080.· Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015).No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patientLinks to an external site..Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.· Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014).Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretionLinks to an external site..Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547.To Prepare:· Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.· Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.Posta description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Which social determinant most affects this policy? Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.rpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:H.R. 977- Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023.Description:When a patient has health insurance, depending on which premium, they are made to use providers or hospitals that are “in-network” to avoid higher costs of services. This can often be an issue for patients because some providers are not in network with their health insurance, specifically Medicare recipients. The Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act would “repeal changes made by health care reform laws to the Medicare exception to the prohibition on certain physician referrals for hospitals” (Congress.gov, 2023).Background:According to the American Hospital Association, “For decades, the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act (“Stark Law”) has protected the Medicare program from the inherent conflict of interest created when physicians self-refer their patients to facilities and services in which they have a financial stake” (AHA, n.d.). At one point, physicians were allowed to make referrals to hospitals with ownership within the entire facility; this gap was closed in 2010 when the Affordable Care Act was passed.Social Determinant:One social determinant is access to health care and quality care. Patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status, should receive high-quality care. The American Hospital Association states, “The Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and MedPAC all found that physician-owned hospitals’ patients tend to be healthier than patients with the same diagnoses at general hospitals” (AHA, n.d.). This would lead those with serious illnesses to rely on general hospitals for healthcare services.Evidence:The growth of Physician-owned hospitals was prohibited in 2010 after the passing of the Affordable Care Act. According to Ehrenfeld, “a systematic review of 30 years of research demonstrating that physician-owned specialty hospitals or so-called “focused factories” offer higher-quality care at comparable or lower cost, while physician-owned community hospitals are no worse than their counterparts” (Ehrenfeld, 2023). If H.R. 977 is passed into law, it would allow physicians of physician-owned hospitals to extend their services to the community by opening new hospitals that would provide high-quality, efficient care and be affordable to patients. This would place competition against general hospitals at risk of losing market share, leading them to reform their services to stay in competition. This would benefit patients in being able to seek assistance in a variety of hospital or hospital-owned facilities.References:American Hospital Association. (n.d.). Fact sheet: Physician self-referral to physician-owned hospitals. https://www.aha.org/fact-sheets/2023-02-27-fact-sheet-physician-self-referral-physician-owned-hospitalsCongress.gov. (n.d.). H.R.977 – 118th Congress (2023-2024): Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/977?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+977%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1Ehrenfeld, J. M. (2023, August 10). End restrictions on physician-owned hospitals to expand Quality Care. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/end-restrictions-physician-owned-hospitals-expand-quality-carerpl1.docxLeyanis SanchezEvidence Base in DesignThe recently adopted Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement is among very important health policies. It has been established to guarantee insurance coverage of mental health and use disorders (SUDs) SUD services by their provision for medical/sBackground for the ProblemMillions of people worldwide suffer from mental health and substance use disorders. The challenge these disorders pose lies in their stigmatized histories, leading to limited access to proper care. This legislation was first effected in 2008 to rectify this disparity by ensuring that insurance plans provide equivalent coverage for mental health and substance SUDs as they provide for physical health (Congress.gov, n.d.). Nevertheless, there has been inconsistency in respect to its enforcement and implementation.Social DeterminantsThe biggest social determinant of this policy is the stigma associated with mental health and substance abuse issues (Milstead & Short, 2019). The stigma may deter people from seeking care while affecting the allocations of resources and funds devoted to mental healthcare. Furthermore, economic conditions such as income and education can affect an individual’s ability to obtain good mental health and SUD treatment.Evidence BaseNumerous studies underpin the necessity for and impact of enforcement of the MHPAEA. Untreated mental health and SUDs can have tremendously adverse effects on individuals and societies; this includes high costs of medical care, decreased productivity, and increased imprisonment and homelessness. Peterson and Busch (2018) indicate that fair access to mental health and SUD services improves patient’s ability to manage their conditions, reduces the number of hospitalizations, and enhances the quality of life and others. A study conducted by JAMA Psychiatry in 2016 indicated that patients suffering from depression who received appropriate psycho-mental care needed less medical care than those without such treatments.Additionally, the pandemic of COVID-19 emphasized mental services, where anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders were increasingly prevalent among individuals during the pandemic. This is even more evident as greater emphasis has been on fair access to such services. These disparities must be redressed through enforcement of the MHPAEA to ensure that people with mental health and SUD are provided. Nonetheless, enforcement consistency and continuous compliance monitoring by insurance plans present challenges and interventions being taken forward to enforce the enforcement mechanisms.In summary, under “Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement,” this policy ensures equitable MH and SUDS treatment coverage. Stigma is the main social determinant affecting this policy. It is supported by evidence that equal access to the service is important in improving health and reducing the cost of society. Consistent enforcement and ongoing efforts to eliminate stigma are vital for this policy to succeed.ReferencesCongress.gov (n.d.). Legislative search results | congress.gov | library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/search?q=%257b%2522source%2522:%2522legislation%2522,%2522search%2522:%2522cite:PL111-296%2522%257dMilstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.Peterson, E., & Busch, S. (2018). Achieving Mental Health and substance use disorder treatment parity: A quarter century of policy-making and research.Annual Review of Public Health,39(1), 421–435.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013603Links to an external site.discwk7.docxThis discussion is divided in two parts1. Main discussion post1. Two repliesminimum of three (3) scholarly references are requiredEVIDENCE BASE IN DESIGNWhen politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.Resources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)· Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)· Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)· American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.).AdvocacyLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.).Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementationLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf·Congress.govLinks to an external site.. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/· Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996).The challenge of innovation implementationLinks to an external site..Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080.· Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015).No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patientLinks to an external site..Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.· Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014).Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretionLinks to an external site..Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547.To Prepare:· Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.· Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.Posta description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Which social determinant most affects this policy? Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.rpl2.docxMaria HernandezMain Post:H.R. 977- Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023.Description:When a patient has health insurance, depending on which premium, they are made to use providers or hospitals that are “in-network” to avoid higher costs of services. This can often be an issue for patients because some providers are not in network with their health insurance, specifically Medicare recipients. The Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act would “repeal changes made by health care reform laws to the Medicare exception to the prohibition on certain physician referrals for hospitals” (Congress.gov, 2023).Background:According to the American Hospital Association, “For decades, the Ethics in Patient Referrals Act (“Stark Law”) has protected the Medicare program from the inherent conflict of interest created when physicians self-refer their patients to facilities and services in which they have a financial stake” (AHA, n.d.). At one point, physicians were allowed to make referrals to hospitals with ownership within the entire facility; this gap was closed in 2010 when the Affordable Care Act was passed.Social Determinant:One social determinant is access to health care and quality care. Patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status, should receive high-quality care. The American Hospital Association states, “The Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and MedPAC all found that physician-owned hospitals’ patients tend to be healthier than patients with the same diagnoses at general hospitals” (AHA, n.d.). This would lead those with serious illnesses to rely on general hospitals for healthcare services.Evidence:The growth of Physician-owned hospitals was prohibited in 2010 after the passing of the Affordable Care Act. According to Ehrenfeld, “a systematic review of 30 years of research demonstrating that physician-owned specialty hospitals or so-called “focused factories” offer higher-quality care at comparable or lower cost, while physician-owned community hospitals are no worse than their counterparts” (Ehrenfeld, 2023). If H.R. 977 is passed into law, it would allow physicians of physician-owned hospitals to extend their services to the community by opening new hospitals that would provide high-quality, efficient care and be affordable to patients. This would place competition against general hospitals at risk of losing market share, leading them to reform their services to stay in competition. This would benefit patients in being able to seek assistance in a variety of hospital or hospital-owned facilities.References:American Hospital Association. (n.d.). Fact sheet: Physician self-referral to physician-owned hospitals. https://www.aha.org/fact-sheets/2023-02-27-fact-sheet-physician-self-referral-physician-owned-hospitalsCongress.gov. (n.d.). H.R.977 – 118th Congress (2023-2024): Patient Access to Higher Quality Health Care Act of 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/977?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22HR+977%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1Ehrenfeld, J. M. (2023, August 10). End restrictions on physician-owned hospitals to expand Quality Care. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/about/leadership/end-restrictions-physician-owned-hospitals-expand-quality-carerpl1.docxLeyanis SanchezEvidence Base in DesignThe recently adopted Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement is among very important health policies. It has been established to guarantee insurance coverage of mental health and use disorders (SUDs) SUD services by their provision for medical/sBackground for the ProblemMillions of people worldwide suffer from mental health and substance use disorders. The challenge these disorders pose lies in their stigmatized histories, leading to limited access to proper care. This legislation was first effected in 2008 to rectify this disparity by ensuring that insurance plans provide equivalent coverage for mental health and substance SUDs as they provide for physical health (Congress.gov, n.d.). Nevertheless, there has been inconsistency in respect to its enforcement and implementation.Social DeterminantsThe biggest social determinant of this policy is the stigma associated with mental health and substance abuse issues (Milstead & Short, 2019). The stigma may deter people from seeking care while affecting the allocations of resources and funds devoted to mental healthcare. Furthermore, economic conditions such as income and education can affect an individual’s ability to obtain good mental health and SUD treatment.Evidence BaseNumerous studies underpin the necessity for and impact of enforcement of the MHPAEA. Untreated mental health and SUDs can have tremendously adverse effects on individuals and societies; this includes high costs of medical care, decreased productivity, and increased imprisonment and homelessness. Peterson and Busch (2018) indicate that fair access to mental health and SUD services improves patient’s ability to manage their conditions, reduces the number of hospitalizations, and enhances the quality of life and others. A study conducted by JAMA Psychiatry in 2016 indicated that patients suffering from depression who received appropriate psycho-mental care needed less medical care than those without such treatments.Additionally, the pandemic of COVID-19 emphasized mental services, where anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders were increasingly prevalent among individuals during the pandemic. This is even more evident as greater emphasis has been on fair access to such services. These disparities must be redressed through enforcement of the MHPAEA to ensure that people with mental health and SUD are provided. Nonetheless, enforcement consistency and continuous compliance monitoring by insurance plans present challenges and interventions being taken forward to enforce the enforcement mechanisms.In summary, under “Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) Enforcement,” this policy ensures equitable MH and SUDS treatment coverage. Stigma is the main social determinant affecting this policy. It is supported by evidence that equal access to the service is important in improving health and reducing the cost of society. Consistent enforcement and ongoing efforts to eliminate stigma are vital for this policy to succeed.ReferencesCongress.gov (n.d.). Legislative search results | congress.gov | library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/search?q=%257b%2522source%2522:%2522legislation%2522,%2522search%2522:%2522cite:PL111-296%2522%257dMilstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.Peterson, E., & Busch, S. (2018). Achieving Mental Health and substance use disorder treatment parity: A quarter century of policy-making and research.Annual Review of Public Health,39(1), 421–435.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013603Links to an external site.discwk7.docxThis discussion is divided in two parts1. Main discussion post1. Two repliesminimum of three (3) scholarly references are requiredEVIDENCE BASE IN DESIGNWhen politics and medical science intersect, there can be much debate. Sometimes anecdotes or hearsay are misused as evidence to support a particular point. Despite these and other challenges, however, evidence-based approaches are increasingly used to inform health policy decision-making regarding causes of disease, intervention strategies, and issues impacting society. One example is the introduction of childhood vaccinations and the use of evidence-based arguments surrounding their safety.In this Discussion, you will identify a recently proposed health policy and share your analysis of the evidence in support of this policy.Resources:· Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.· Chapter 5, “Public Policy Design” (pp. 87–95 only)· Chapter 8, “The Impact of EHRs, Big Data, and Evidence-Informed Practice” (pp. 137–146)· Chapter 9, “Interprofessional Practice” (pp. 152–160 only)· Chapter 10, “Overview: The Economics and Finance of Health Care” (pp. 183–191 only)· American Nurses Association (ANA). (n.d.).AdvocacyLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/advocacy/· Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.).Step by step: Evaluating violence and injury prevention policies: Brief 4: Evaluating policy implementationLinks to an external site.. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pdfs/policy/Brief%204-a.pdf·Congress.govLinks to an external site.. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2018, from https://www.congress.gov/· Klein, K. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1996).The challenge of innovation implementationLinks to an external site..Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1055–1080.· Sacristán, J., & Dilla, T. D. (2015).No big data without small data: Learning health care systems begin and end with the individual patientLinks to an external site..Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(6), 1014–1017.· Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014).Policy implementation, street level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretionLinks to an external site..Public Management Review, 16(4), 527–547.To Prepare:· Review the Congress website provided in the Resources and identify one recent (within the past 5 years) proposed health policy.· Review the health policy you identified and reflect on the background and development of this health policy.Posta description of the health policy you selected and a brief background for the problem or issue being addressed. Which social determinant most affects this policy? Explain whether you believe there is an evidence base to support the proposed policy and explain why. Be specific and provide examples.123Bids(76)Dr. Ellen RMMISS HILLARY A+abdul_rehman_Emily ClareSTELLAR GEEK A+Sheryl HoganProf Double RProWritingGuruYoung NyanyaJahky BDr. Adeline ZoeDr M. 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